A 1 V power amplifier for 81–86 GHz E-band

Tired, Tobias; Sjöland, Henrik; Bryant, Carl; Törmänen, Markus

doi:10.1007/s10470-014-0338-5

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…With a two stage PA [14,15], the maximum output voltage swing from the 56 GHz mixer is not enough to drive the PA into compression (OCP 1dB = -4.0 dBm), and therefore an additional stage is required as a preamplifier. In order to minimize the reduction in PAE, the bias current of the different stages is increased from input to output.…”

Section: Power Amplifiermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper, however, due to the limited supply voltage of 1.5 V, a cascode architecture could not be used. Instead, the high frequency gain, as well as the isolation, was increased using a common emitter stage with capacitive cross-coupling [11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Power Amplifiermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8. The transistors have a parasitic base-collector capacitance, C bc , that reduces the power gain as well as the isolation between the input and output nodes of the common emitter stages [11][12][13][14][15]. The capacitive cross coupling technique reduces the effect of the base-collector capacitance.…”

Section: Power Amplifiermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been implemented with diode connected devices Q 2 , with a capacitance C bc-diode [12,14,15]. Capacitive cross coupling could also be implemented in two other ways, either with fixed metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors or with controllable capacitors, implemented as diode junctions in series with MIM capacitors [14]. Due to process spread, the topology with fixed MIM capacitors was not chosen.…”

Section: Power Amplifiermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using a single supply voltage of only 1.5 V for the entire transmitter eliminates the need of a dedicated voltage regulator, since, the supply can then be shared between the transmitter and the digital control circuits. The low supply three-stage PA uses capacitive cross-coupling [11][12][13][14][15] to increase the power gain and isolation of each stage. Early E-band transmitters used simple modulation schemes such as binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) or on-off keying (OOK) [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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System simulations of a 1.5 V SiGe 81–86 GHz E-band transmitter

Tired

Sandrup

Nejdel

et al. 2016

Analog Integr Circ Sig Process

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This paper presents simulation results for a sliding-IF SiGe E-band transmitter circuit for the 81-86 GHz E-band. The circuit was designed in a SiGe process with f T = 200 GHz and uses a supply of 1.5 V. The low supply voltage eliminates the need for a dedicated transmitter voltage regulator. The carrier generation is based on a 28 GHz quadrature voltage oscillator (QVCO). Upconversion to 84 GHz is performed by first mixing with the QVCO signals, converting the signal from baseband to 28 GHz, and then mixing it with the 56 GHz QVCO second harmonic, present at the emitter nodes of the QVCO core devices. The second mixer is connected to a threestage power amplifier utilizing capacitive cross-coupling to increase the gain, providing a saturated output power of ?14 dBm with a 1 dB output compression point of ?11 dBm. E-band radio links using higher order modulation, e.g. 64 QAM, are sensitive to I/Q phase errors. The presented design is based on a 28 GHz QVCO, the lower frequency reducing the phase error due to mismatch in active and passive devices. The I/Q mismatch can be further reduced by adjusting varactors connected to each QVCO output. The analog performance of the transmitter is based on ADS Momentum models of all inductors and transformers, and layout parasitic extracted views of the active parts. For the simulations with a 16 QAM modulated baseband input signal, however, the Momentum models were replaced with lumped equivalent models to ease simulator convergence. Constellation diagrams and error vector magnitude (EVM) were calculated in MATLAB using data from transient simulations. The EVM dependency on QVCO phase noise, I/Q imbalance and PA compression has been analyzed. For an average output power of 7.5 dBm, the design achieves 7.2% EVM for a 16 QAM signal with 1 GHz bandwidth. The current consumption of the transmitter, including the PA, equals 131 mA from a 1.5 V supply.

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Section: Power Amplifiermentioning

confidence: 99%