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Abstract

Objective: In a prospective cohort study among 120,852 adult subjects the authors investigated the associations between cigarette, cigar, pipe, environmental tobacco smoking (ETS), and bladder cancer. Methods: In 1986 all subjects completed a questionnaire on cancer risk factors. Follow-up for incident bladder cancer was established by linkage to cancer registries until 1992. The case-cohort analysis was based on 619 cases and 3346 subcohort members. Results: Compared with lifelong non-smokers the age-and sex-adjusted incidence rate ratios (RR) for ex-and current cigarette smokers were 2.1 (95% CI 1.5-3.0) and 3.3 (95% CI 2.4-4.6), respectively. The RR for smoking duration was 1.03 (95% CI: 1.02-1.04) per 1-year increment. The RR per 10 cigarettes/day was 1.3 (95% CI 1.2-1.4). Tar and nicotine exposure increased bladder cancer risk only weakly. It appeared that associations of cigarette smoking characteristics with bladder cancer risk were largely attributable to cigarette smoking duration only. Smoking cessation, age at first exposure, filter-tip usage, cigar and pipe smoking, and ETS were no longer associated with bladder cancer risk after adjustment for frequency and duration of smoking. Conclusions:The authors conclude that current cigarette smokers have a three-fold higher bladder cancer risk than non-smokers. Ex-smokers experience a two-fold increased risk. About half of male bladder cancer and one-fifth of female bladder cancer was attributable to cigarette smoking. Other smoking types (cigar, pipe, or ETS) were not associated with increased risks.

Monotherapy with Intravenous Vinflunine in Patients with Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer after Failure of a Platinum-Containing Regimen: A Retrospective Analysis of German Routine Data

“…Classified as a chemosensitive tumor, chemotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of advanced stages [3,4,5,6]. Usually cisplatin-containing combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine or MVAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, Adriamycin and cisplatin) is used as first-line treatment if patients are ‘fit' enough to tolerate cisplatin [4,7,8,9,10].…”

<i>Sulfotransferase</i> 1A1 G638A polymorphism, cigarette smoking and bladder cancer risk in Taiwan

“…We also investigated a potential interaction of the SULT1A1 G638A polymorphism with cigarette smoking. Several studies have elucidated the association between cigarette smoking and bladder cancer [2,3,16]. We found that ever smokers have a significantly increased risk of BC, especially among those who had smoked over 30 pack-years.…”

“…Cigarette smoking is considered to be the key risk factor for bladder cancer [2,3]. Cigarettes contain about fifty-five carcinogens that have been evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer [4].…”

V. Amygdalina: Folk Medicine, Analysis, and Potential Application for Cancer Treatment

“…For example: Ergolide down-regulates NFκB expression [22]; Parthenolide promotes JNK activation and NFκB expression downregulation [20]; Edotide inhibits MAPK activity [9] etc. In addition VA extracts may also contain other health beneficial phytochemicals already found in other extracts [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. Cynaropicrin promotes immunomodulatory activity, apoptosis, and GI/G2 phase arrest etc.…”