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Grishchuk, B. D.; Klimnyuk, S. I.; Baranovskii, V. S.; Boichak, O. V.; Gorbovoi, P. M.

doi:10.1023/a:1012703203772

Cited by 8 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Because the gravitational radiation does not contribute to the total gravitational mass of the Universe, a level of the energy of the relic radiation is not limited and may be very high. According to Grishchuk (2010) a maximum of the energy of the relic gravitational radiation is at GHz frequencies. Zeldovich and Novikov (1967) estimated a wavelength of the relic gravitational radiation be equal to 1.5 * 10 −4 m. This wavelength corresponds to a frequency of hundreds GHz.…”

Section: Physical Interpretation Of the Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A repulsive force in the Einstein theory

Gorkavyi

Vasilkov

2016

Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.

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The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) detection of gravitational waves that take away 5% of the total mass of two merging black holes points out on the importance of considering varying gravitational mass of a system in the framework of the Einstein general theory of relativity. We calculate the acceleration of a particle in the non-stationary field of a quasi-spherical system composed of a large number of objects emitting gravitational waves. It is shown that reduction of the gravitational mass of the system due to emitting gravitational waves leads to a repulsive gravitational force that diminishes with time but never disappears. This repulsive force may be related to the observed expansion of the Universe.

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Section: Physical Interpretation Of the Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A repulsive force in the Einstein theory

Gorkavyi

Vasilkov

2016

Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.

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“…A stochastic background of relic gravitational waves (RGWs) is a natural prediction of general relativity and quantum mechanics [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. As fluctuations of the metric of spacetime, RWGs could be originated from the quantum fluctuations during the inflationary stage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, we discussed the constraints and detection of the RGWs in the standard hot big bang cosmological model by various PTAs and the future FAST and SKA [54]. In this paper, employing the data of the current and future PTAs, we will give the constraints on the non-standard RGWs model [1][2][3][4] which contains a reheating (or preheating [55]) process occurred after the end of inflation and before the beginning of the radiation dominated stage of the universe. From the constraints, we also try to study the expansion behavior and the physical processes happened in the very early universe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In regard to this issue, there is another kind of condition, the so-called quantum normalization of amplitude of RGWs [2]. One can treat the RGWs field h ij as a quantum field in the vacuum state when initially generated, require that each mode k = ω/2π have an energy 1 2 ω. This leads to the quantum normalization for the initial condition of RGWs, in which r and β are no longer independent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using pulsar timing arrays and the quantum normalization condition to constrain relic gravitational waves

Tong¹,

Zhang²,

Zhao³

et al. 2013

Class. Quantum Grav.

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In the non-standard model of relic gravitational waves (RGWs) generated in the early universe, the theoretical spectrum of is mainly described by an amplitude r and a spectral index β, the latter usually being determined by the slope of the inflation potential. Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) data have imposed constraints on the amplitude of strain spectrum for a power-law form as a phenomenological model. Applying these constraints to a generic, theoretical spectrum with r and β as independent parameters, we convert the PTAs constraint into an upper bound on the index β, which turns out to be less stringent than those upper bounds from BBN, CMB, and LIGO/VIRGO, respectively. Moreover, it is found that PTAs constrain the non-standard RGWs more stringent than the standard RGWs. If the condition of the quantum normalization is imposed upon a theoretical spectrum of RGWs, r and β become related. With this condition, a minimum requirement of the horizon size during inflation is greater than the Planck length results in an upper bound on β, which is comparable in magnitude to that by PTAs. When both PTAs and the quantum normalization are applied to a theoretical spectrum of RGWs, constraints can be obtained for other cosmic processes of the early universe, such as the reheating, a process less understood observationally so far. The resulting constraint is consistent with the slow-roll, massive scalar inflation model. The future SKA will be able to constrain RGWs further and might even detect RGWs, rendering an important probe to the very early universe.

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“…Due to the growing interest to the synthesis of new drugs [1][2][3], antimicrobial agents [4][5][6][7][8][9], functionalized heterocyclic compounds [10][11][12][13][14] and aromatic a-amino acids [15] on the ground of the Meerwein reaction [16], the necessity to evaluate criteria of activities of corresponding unsaturated compounds (UC) as substrates in such syntheses grows. It is a well known fact that olefins, dienes and other UC with strong electron withdrawing groups (COOH, CN, CHO, COCH 3 , etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%