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Spisni, Enzo; Marabotti, C; Fazio, Luigia De; Valerii, Maria Chiara; Cavazza, Elena; Brambilla, Stefano; Hoxha, Klarida; LʼAbbate, Antonio; Longobardi, Pasquale

doi:10.28920/dhm47.1.9-16

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…Despite the absence of an investigation related to anti-inflammatory mediator changes, these data may be explained considering that SCUBA-related acute inflammation is modulated by circulating WBC and leads to the stimulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and, consequently, the activation of NF-κB pathway [37]. Even if the role of anti-inflammatory mediators were not directly investigated in this protocol, it is known that some authors evaluated the inflammatory status measuring IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1β and other pro-inflammatory molecules [38], including chemokines in recreational divers (Spisni, Marabotti et al 2017). Some circulating chemokines, namely CCL2 and CCL5, increased after diving: CC chemokines are stored in and released from PLT and activated LYM [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even if the role of anti-inflammatory mediators were not directly investigated in this protocol, it is known that some authors evaluated the inflammatory status measuring IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1β and other pro-inflammatory molecules [38], including chemokines in recreational divers (Spisni, Marabotti et al 2017). Some circulating chemokines, namely CCL2 and CCL5, increased after diving: CC chemokines are stored in and released from PLT and activated LYM [39]. Circulating chemokine CCL5 is known to contribute to endothelial activation and the interaction between endothelial cells and MONO [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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White Blood Cells, Platelets, Red Blood Cells and Gas Bubbles in SCUBA Diving: Is There a Relationship?

et al. 2022

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(1) Background: SCUBA diving can influence changes of several hematological parameters (HP) but the changes of HP in the decompression phases are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate any possible relationship between HP and predisposition to inert gas bubble formation after a single recreational dive. (2) Methods: Blood, obtained from 32 expert SCUBA divers, was tested for differences in white blood cells (WBC), granulocytes (GRAN), lymphocytes (LYM), and monocytes (MONO), red blood cells (RBC), and platelets (PLT) between bubblers (B) and non-bubblers (NB). (3) Results: We found inter-subject differences in bubble formation (considering the same diving profile performed by the divers) and a statistically significant higher number of total WBC, GRAN and LYM in NB as compared to the B divers in the pre and in the post diving sample, while no statistical differences were found for MONO and PLT. In addition, we did not find any statistically significant difference between NB and B in RBC. (4) Conclusions: Our results, even if in absence of investigated anti-inflammatory markers, could indicate a relationship between low WBC numbers and bubble formation. This aspect may explain a possible cause of inter-subject differences in bubble formation in divers performing the same dive profile.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

White Blood Cells, Platelets, Red Blood Cells and Gas Bubbles in SCUBA Diving: Is There a Relationship?

et al. 2022

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“…This study result also consistent with preliminary studies with the object of research in rats, which found an increase in TNFα levels due to decompression diving and also another inflammatory cytokine [7], [26]. In this control group, also in accordance with Spisni et al who stated that the deco-stop strategy provides an advantage in terms of inhibiting gas expansion, but other things show that the deco-stop procedure cannot guarantee that the diver is free from decompression sickness (DCS), this is because there is still an increase in inflammation biomarker secretion, that causes vascular damage, and it seen from biomarkers of C-C motif chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2) and C-C motif chemokine ligand-5 (CCL5) [27].…”

Section: The Effectiveness Of the Pre-dive Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of acute submaximal physical exercise before decompression dive on tumor necrosis factor alpha concentration among male trained divers

Chikih

Suryokusumo

Sulistomo

2021

IJPHS

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The increase of inflammatory biomarkers due to decompression dive is one of the factors that could cause decompression sickness (DCS), one of them is tumor necrosis alpha (TNFα). According to the preconditioning theory, exercise before dive can reduce amount of gas bubble to prevent DCS. This study aimed to prove that exercise before diving can prevent increase of TNFα. This study employed quasi-experimental design with trained male divers. The subject divided into two groups, treatment and control. The treatment group got submaximal exercise with 70% heart rate intensity, using cycle ergometer with young men's Christian association (YMCA) procedure modify by Guritno, 24 hours before decompression dive 280 kPa bottom time 80 minute with US-NAVY table, whereas the control group only do decompression dive. TNFα expression was checked three times, at beginning of study, before dive and after dive. In treatment group there was insignificant decrease TNFα, from 7.06±1.85pg./ml to 6.75±1.81pg./ml, whereas the control group showed a significant increased TNFα, from 8.22 (1.45 to 13.11)pg./ml to 8.39 (1.73 to 12.18)pg/ml, and significant difference was found between the mean difference for two groups p<0.05. It can be concluded that acute submaximal exercise prevents an increase of TNFα after single dive decompression to prevent possibility occurring DCS).

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“…Traditionally, this risk has been attributed to the presence and quantity of decompression bubbles in the blood (vascular gas emboli or VGE) causing blood flow occlusion in various tissues. Recently, DCS has also been associated to the presence of blood microparticles and some symptoms linked to an inflammatory process (Thom et al, 2011; Arieli et al, 2015; Spisni et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Static Metabolic Bubbles as Precursors of Vascular Gas Emboli During Divers’ Decompression: A Hypothesis Explaining Bubbling Variability

Imbert¹,

Egi

Germonpré³

et al. 2019

Front. Physiol.

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Introduction The risk for decompression sickness (DCS) after hyperbaric exposures (such as SCUBA diving) has been linked to the presence and quantity of vascular gas emboli (VGE) after surfacing from the dive. These VGE can be semi-quantified by ultrasound Doppler and quantified via precordial echocardiography. However, for an identical dive, VGE monitoring of divers shows variations related to individual susceptibility, and, for a same diver, dive-to-dive variations which may be influenced by pre-dive pre-conditioning. These variations are not explained by currently used algorithms. In this paper, we present a new hypothesis: individual metabolic processes, through the oxygen window (OW) or Inherent Unsaturation of tissues, modulate the presence and volume of static metabolic bubbles (SMB) that in turn act as precursors of circulating VGE after a dive. Methods We derive a coherent system of assumptions to describe static gas bubbles, located on the vessel endothelium at hydrophobic sites, that would be activated during decompression and become the source of VGE. We first refer to the OW and show that it creates a local tissue unsaturation that can generate and stabilize static gas phases in the diver at the surface. We then use Non-extensive thermodynamics to derive an equilibrium equation that avoids any geometrical description. The final equation links the SMB volume directly to the metabolism. Results and Discussion Our model introduces a stable population of small gas pockets of an intermediate size between the nanobubbles nucleating on the active sites and the VGE detected in the venous blood. The resulting equation, when checked against our own previously published data and the relevant scientific literature, supports both individual variation and the induced differences observed in pre-conditioning experiments. It also explains the variability in VGE counts based on age, fitness, type and frequency of physical activities. Finally, it fits into the general scheme of the arterial bubble assumption for the description of the DCS risk. Conclusion Metabolism characterization of the pre-dive SMB population opens new possibilities for decompression algorithms by considering the diver’s individual susceptibility and recent history (life style, exercise) to predict the level of VGE during and after decompression.

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Abstract: The ratio deco strategy did not confer any benefit in terms of bubbles but showed the disadvantage of increased decompression-associated secretion of inflammatory chemokines involved in the development of vascular damage.

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

White Blood Cells, Platelets, Red Blood Cells and Gas Bubbles in SCUBA Diving: Is There a Relationship?

White Blood Cells, Platelets, Red Blood Cells and Gas Bubbles in SCUBA Diving: Is There a Relationship?

Effect of acute submaximal physical exercise before decompression dive on tumor necrosis factor alpha concentration among male trained divers

Static Metabolic Bubbles as Precursors of Vascular Gas Emboli During Divers’ Decompression: A Hypothesis Explaining Bubbling Variability

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