“…While information is limited, studies to date provide a sobering picture of fractured childhoods and an environment where children are denied an opportunity to thrive (Mullender et al, 2002). As evidenced in the research, fear becomes a constant companion for many children as they struggle to make sense of the violence (Alexander et al, 2005;Bagshaw & Chung, 2001;Barron, 2007;Buckley, Holt & Whelan, 2007;DeMaris & Swinford, 1996;Georgsson et al, 2011;Irwin, Waugh, & Wilkinson, 2002;Joseph et al, 2006;McGee, 2000;McIntosh & Long, 2005;Morrison, 2009;Mullender et al, 2002;Ornduff & Monaham, 1999;Peled, 1998;Stafford et al, 2007). DeMaris and Swinford (1996) remind us that it is not only the frequency or severity of an attack by the perpetrator which instils fear, but the uncertainty of whether another attack will occur.…”