Untitled

Abstract

Forecasting study oF mains reliability based on sparse Field data and perspective state space models prognozowanie niezawodności elementów sieci wodociągowej na podstawie rzadkich danych terenowych i modeli przestrzeni stanówThe elements of critical infrastructure have to meet demanding dependability, safety and security requirements. The article deals with the prognosis of water mains reliability while using sparse irregular filed data. The data are sparse because the only thing we know is the number of mains failures during a given month. Since it is possible to transform the data into a typical reliability measure (rate of failure occurrence -ROCOF), we can examine the course of this measure development in time. In order to model and predict the ROCOF development, we suggest novel single and multiple error state space models. The results can be used for i) optimizing mains operation and maintenance, ii) estimating life cycle cost, and iii) planning crisis management.

Modeling of the process of selected fire signaling systems

“…If the second sensor is not activated, the FFS shall deem the activation of the C1 sensor as false alarm and returns to the surveillance mode, deleting the initial alarm status [2,6,10,13,15,19,23]. The fire alarm signal should clearly specify the fire hazard and may not be caused by false factor (false alarm).…”

“…Detectors are the most important group of devices that are responsible for detecting a fire in the operational process. In this group of devices, during the research, there were essentially the detectors from three main manufacturers (POLON-ALFA, Bosch, Schrack) [3,8,13,17,23,24]. The technical parameters of the detectors (e.g.…”

“…The listed safety systems monitor all premises, e.g. railway switching stations, switchgears, teletechnical containers, railway stations and platforms [3,5,8,13,17,23,25]. During this age of technological progress, every investment results in changes of railway sites, through the use of modern fire safety systems [1,11,15,16,22,26].…”

“…Depending on the design, configuration and the type of linear elements used - Fig. 1, several different types of fire signalling systems are distinguished [5,8,13,17,23,24]. The FFS type installed at transportation site influences their division into surveillance areas.…”

“…On the other hand, the fire location accuracy requirement (room no., sensor no., ROP no., etc.) is a FFS type selection criterionconcentrated, distributed or mixed types [3,5,8,13,23,24]. Fig.…”