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Walker, Amanda R.; Cole, Tom E.; Torney, Keri; Gray, John C.

doi:10.1023/a:1005932618864

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 48 publications

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“…The report detailed how police departments deployed the "third degree"-the "inflicting of pain, physical or mental, to extract confessions or statements." 53 They described this practice in lucid detail: San Francisco officers mercilessly beating suspects in patrol wagons, Cleveland detectives stripping a suspect and lifting him from the floor by his genitals to induce a confession, Detroit police moving suspects from station to station to avoid being found by legal counsel. The chief of police in Buffalo declared: "If I have to violate the Constitution or my oath of office, I'll violate the Constitution."…”

Section: Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“To Wage a War”: Crime, Race, and State Making in the Age of FDR

Denney

2021

Stud. Am. Pol. Dev.

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The FDR administration waged a war on crime starting in 1933. I argue that this war on crime had three primary effects. First, it created a ratchet effect whereby expanded institutions did not return to previous levels after the campaign ended. Second, it instilled enduring institutional and racial logics into law enforcement in America. By building a state through a war on crime, these leaders constructed a criminal justice system designed to make war. Moreover, they perpetuated the surveillance of Black leaders and eschewed calls from Black organizations demanding protection from widespread racial violence. Third, these political entrepreneurs induced an issue realignment that defined crime policy around a politics of consensus—a consensus that included every major political bloc but Black Americans, who unsuccesfully called on the federal government to hold local police accountable and address racial inequality. This coalition diffused their methods to states and deployed future wars on crime, and the racial logics cemented in the FDR era set the stage for these future wars to be deployed disproportionately against the Black community.

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Section: Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“To Wage a War”: Crime, Race, and State Making in the Age of FDR

Denney

2021

Stud. Am. Pol. Dev.

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Joint expression of Zmpepc, Zmppdk, and Zmnadp-me is more efficient than expression of one or two of those genes in improving the photosynthesis of Arabidopsis

Zhang

et al. 2021

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

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Two different genes encode ferrochelatase in Arabidopsis: mapping, expression and subcellular targeting of the precursor proteins

et al. 1998

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SummaryFerrochelatase is the last enzyme of haem biosynthesis. We have isolated 27 independent ferrochelatase cDNAs from Arabidopsis thaliana by functional complementation of a yeast mutant. Twenty-two of these cDNAs were similar to a previously isolated clone, AF3, and although they varied in length at the 5Ј and 3Ј ends, their nucleotide sequences were identical, indicating that they were derived from the same gene (ferrochelatase-I). The remaining five cDNAs all encoded a separate ferrochelatase isoform (ferrochelatase-II), which was 69% identical at the amino acid level to ferrochelatase-I. Using RFLP analysis in recombinant inbred lines, the ferrochelatase-I gene was mapped to chromosome V and that for ferrochelatase-II to chromosome II. Northern analysis showed that both ferrochelatase genes are expressed in leaves, stems and flowers, and expression in the leaves is higher in the light than in the dark. However, in roots only ferrochelatase-I transcripts were detected. High levels of sucrose stimulated expression of ferrochelatase-I, but had no effect, or repressed slightly, the expression of the ferrochelatase-II isoform. Import experiments into isolated chloroplasts and mitochondria showed that the ferrochelatase-II gene encodes a precursor which is imported solely into the chloroplast, in contrast to ferrochelatase-I which is targeted to both organelles. The significance of these results for haem biosynthesis and the production of haemoproteins, both within the plant cell and in different plant tissues, is discussed.

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Untitled

Cited by 6 publications

References 48 publications

“To Wage a War”: Crime, Race, and State Making in the Age of FDR

“To Wage a War”: Crime, Race, and State Making in the Age of FDR

Joint expression of Zmpepc, Zmppdk, and Zmnadp-me is more efficient than expression of one or two of those genes in improving the photosynthesis of Arabidopsis

Two different genes encode ferrochelatase in Arabidopsis: mapping, expression and subcellular targeting of the precursor proteins

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