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Abstract

This paper continues a series of reports considering nitric oxide (NO) and its cyclic conversions in mammals. Numerous facts are summarized with the goal of developing a general concept that would allow the statement of the multiple effects of NO on various systems of living organisms in the form of a short and comprehensive law. The current state of biological aspects of NO research is analyzed in term of elucidation of possible role of these studies in the system of biological sciences. The general concept is based on a notion on cyclic conversions of NO and its metabolites. NO cycles in living organisms and nitrogen turnover in the biosphere and also the Bethe nitrogen-carbon cycle in star matter are considered. A hypothesis that the cyclic organization of processes in living organisms and the biosphere reflects the evolution of life is proposed: the development of physiological functions and metabolism are suggested to be closely related to space and evolution of the Earth as a planet of the Solar System.

The Role of Calreticulin Transacetylase in the Activation of Human Platelet Nitrite Reductase by Polyphenolic Acetates

“…Several biological phenomena such as hypoxia is beset with the conditions where NOS is compromised, where the utilization of nitrates for the production of NO is encountered. 1) Nitrite reductase (NR) originally described in plants is discernible in microorganisms as well as mammalian cells. Panesar and Chan reported the NR activity in Mouse Leydig Tumor Cells and was attributed to mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III.…”

Changes in total electron content associated with earthquakes (M > 5) observed from GPS station, Varanasi, India

“…Anomalies in the subionospheric propagation of very low frequency (VLF) transmitter signals associated with earthquakes have been reported by Morgounov et al (1994) and Hayakawa et al (1996a). Reutov and Marenko (1995) reported optical emissions (night airglow) approximately two days before the earthquake and also suggested that their optical emissions are connected with increasing plasma density anomalies at the F 2 layer or processes at the E-layer. A brief account of effects of seismic activities on the E-and F-regions of the ionosphere can be found in the paper by Pulinets et al (1994).…”

Bioanalytical profile of the l-arginine/nitric oxide pathway and its evaluation by capillary electrophoresis

“…High-capacity NO production in eukaryotic systems has two dominant but not unique routes: 1) the primary production via enzymatic oxygenation of the guanidine group of L-arginine to form NO and L-citrulline by a specific enzyme, NO synthase (NOS) [17]; and 2) the secondary production by enzymatic reduction of nitrite [18,19] via nitrite reductase activity (NRA) of xanthine oxidase [20,21], mitochondrial cytochrome complexes [22,23], deoxyhemoglobin [24][25][26], and some NOS isozymes under anoxic conditions [27]. It is generally assumed that the primary NO synthesis from L-arginine oxidation by NOS and following retrograde diffusion of the gaseous messenger is responsible for focal "neurotransmitter-like" actions of NO [28], as well as for pathogen-induced escalation of cytotoxic defense [29].…”

“…In contrast, the secondary NO formation route from nitrite anion is believed to be a basis of tonic circulation and retrograde "hormone-like" action of NO in organisms [30]. The latter also appears to be a fundamental mechanism for recycling of NO in cell, tissue, and whole organism [18,19]. Since NO synthesis from L-arginine oxidation and nitrite reduction varies in time and space, the contribution of both pathways should be considered in each particular bioanalytical scenario.…”

“…In oxygenated biological environment NO may undergo a number of spontaneous and enzymatically facilitated oxidative and radical reactions [111], unequivocally leading to the relatively stable nitrite and to the inert nitrate. The half-life of NO under normoxic conditions in vitro can be up to 30 s, however it may differ in vivo [112].…”