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Abstract

Cadmium, an environmental pollutant, can have adverse effects on the human body. The kidney is the critical organ. In order to improve the understanding of the dose-response relationship between cadmium exposure and health effects, and especially renal dysfunction, a study on a general population group in China was performed. This study was therefore concerned with cadmium exposure biomarkers, such as the concentrations in blood (BCd) and urine (UCd), and effect biomarkers of renal dysfunction, such as beta2-microglobulin (beta2m), retinol binding protein (RBP) and albumin (ALB). To improve the evaluation of exposure levels in relation to the adverse health effects of cadmium exposure in the general population, a quality control program was conducted to determine analytical quality in the determination of cadmium in blood and urine and for beta2m, creatinine, ALB and RBP. The measurements showed that analytical quality was adequate. The exposure and effect biomarkers were studied in the population groups living in three areas, namely a control area and two Cd polluted areas. In the highly exposed area, most of the BCd values were higher than 5 microg/l and most of the UCd values were higher than 5 microg/g creatinine. Beta2-microglobulin, retinol binding protein, and albumin in urine were all significantly higher in the population living in the heavily polluted area than in that in the control area. Based on data from all three areas, a marked dose-response relationship between UCd or BCd and the prevalence of renal dysfunction was demonstrated. The number of abnormalities in kidney was related to the level of cadmium exposure. Only one index of renal tubular dysfunction was affected in subjects exposed to low levels of cadmium, but more than two indices of renal function were affected in those exposed to high levels.

Evidence for Concurrent Effects of Exposure to Environmental Cadmium and Lead on Hepatic CYP2A6 Phenotype and Renal Function Biomarkers in Nonsmokers

“…This was suggested by a positive correlation between urinary Cd and NAG excretion rates in both men and women, after controlling for age ( r ~ 0.5, p < 0.001). Renal tubular effects of exposure to low levels of environmental Cd detected in the present study confirmed data from population studies in Belgium (Buchet et al 1990), China (Jin et al 2002), Japan (Ikeda et al 2000; Oo et al 2000), the United States (Noonan et al 2002), Sweden (Jarup 2002), and Thailand (Satarug et al 2004a, 2004b). Further, a Cd-dose–dependent rise in the prevalence of abnormal urinary NAG excretion (NAG-uria) in subjects was shown (Table 4).…”

Modulatory effect of Tinospora cordifolia extract on Cd-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats

“…Chronic exposure of Cd causes damage to numerous organs and systems primarily the kidneys 33 . Cd induces oxidative damage by disturbing the antioxidant balance in tissues 34 .…”

Urinary cadmium levels predict mortality of patients with acute heart failure

“…In the current study, we demonstrated D1UCd was positively correlated with AKI, but negatively correlated with serum Alb level in AHF patients. Cadmium exposure has well-known toxic effects on the kidneys16 and severe AHF may induce AKI in critically ill patients, so higher urinary cadmium levels might be observed in this population. Moreover, the increased cadmium levels in biologic fluids may influence the synthesis and metabolism of Alb, based on several in vitro studies.…”

“…The urinary cadmium levels were measured by the method proposed by Jin et al16 Briefly, 100 μL of urine and 500 μL of trace-metal-grade distilled 0.8 M HNO3 were added to a 1.5 mL Eppendorf vessel, which was shaken immediately. After overnight storage in a refrigerator, these vessels were permitted to warm to room temperature and whirl-mixed for 5–10 s. Then, the vessels were spun in an Eppendorf centrifuge for 5 min at 11,500 rpm.…”