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Coutts, M.P.; Nielsen, Charlene C.; Nicoll, Bruce

doi:10.1023/a:1004578032481

Cited by 132 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…The mechanical stress created by wind can directly act on woody root growth with different effects on root size, shape, and stiffness. Roots closer to the stem and root-soil plate of a shallow rooted tree species, such as tanoak, have been shown to develop irregular, rather than oval, shaped cross-sections in response to wind (Coutts et al, 1999). Roots growing from the base of Picea sitchensis on the tree's leeward side had less symmetrical crosssections than the roots growing on the windward side (Nicoll & Ray, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tanoak (<i>Notholithocarpus densiflorus</i>) Coarse Root Morphology: Prediction Models for Volume and Biomass of Individual Roots

Namm¹,

Berrill²

2016

OJF

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Descriptions of tree root morphology inform design of belowground biomass and carbon inventories and sampling for research. We studied root morphology of tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus), an important component in mixed evergreen forests of California and Oregon, USA. Tanoak re-sprouts from belowground lignotubers after disturbances, and stores an unknown amount of carbon in coarse roots underground. We sought to ascribe explanatory nomenclature to roots' morphological features and to identify models describing tanoak root morphology. Twelve tanoak root systems were excavated, dissected, and measured. Roots tapered according to their circumference and location. Larger roots closer to the lignotuber (located at the base of the tree stem) tapered more rapidly per unit of length. Tanoak roots forked frequently. Root cross-sectional area was preserved after forking events (i.e., the sum of cross-sectional areas for smaller roots on one side of the fork correlated with the adjoining large root). Occurrence and quantity of root branches (small roots branching laterally from larger roots) was dependent upon length of the source root segment. Our models of tanoak root morphology are designed to be organized together to estimate biomass of any segment or collection of lateral roots (e.g., roots lost/missed during excavation, or in lieu of destructive sampling), given root diameter at a known distance from the lignotuber. The taper model gives distal-and proximal-end diameters for calculation of volume for segments of root tapering between forks. Frequency of forking and branching can also be predicted. Summing the predicted mass of each lateral root segment, branch, and forked segment would produce an estimate of mass for a contiguous network of lateral roots.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tanoak (<i>Notholithocarpus densiflorus</i>) Coarse Root Morphology: Prediction Models for Volume and Biomass of Individual Roots

Namm¹,

Berrill²

2016

OJF

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“…Root CSA has been considered as playing a major role in tree anchorage, particularly in roots close to the stem (Nicoll and Ray 1996;Coutts et al 2000;Nicoll 2000;Chiatante et al 2003;Danjon et al 2005). Nevertheless, significant negative correlations were found between TARS before trenching and the number of first order lateral roots in the CW sector at 16-45°and the ratio between first order lateral root number and CSA in the neighbouring sector (346-15°) and opposite side of WW sector (106-135°).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our study, both sets of results indicate that there is an increased allocation of root biomass on the northern side of the tree. Asymmetric structural root growth in temperate trees is related to genotype (Nicoll et al 1995), competition between roots for nutrients early on in their development (Coutts 1987), poor planting conditions (Taylor and Gardner 1963;Coutts et al 2000;Lindström and Rune 1999) and mechanical loading, e.g. unilateral wind loading (Stokes et al 1995;Mickovski and Ennos 2003) or slope orientation (Watson et al 1995;Chiatante et al 2003;Di Iorio et al 2005;Nicoll et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on the distance of the trench from the stem, mechanical stability of the tree may also be compromised (Miller and Neely 1993;Brudi and Wassenaer 2002). Whilst a healthy, vigorous tree can withstand removal of up to 50% of its roots (Heliwell 1985, Sinclair et al 1987, tree stability may nevertheless be reduced if all the roots on one side are severed (Heliwell 1985), or if structural root development is asymmetrical (Coutts 1983;Coutts et al 2000). The danger of uprooting is thus very high when lateral roots of large trees are severed within approximately 1.0-1.3 m of the trunk (Wessolly and Erb 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of root architecture and root loss through trenching on the anchorage of tropical urban trees (Eugenia grandis Wight)

Ghani

Stokes

Fourcaud

2008

Trees

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International audienceEugenia grandis (Wight) is grown in urban environments throughout Malaysia and root systems are often damaged through trenching for the laying down of roads and utilities. We investigated the effect of root cutting through trenching on the biomechanics of mature E. grandis. The force necessary to winch trees 0.2 m from the vertical was measured. Trenches were then dug at different distances (1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 m) from the trunk on the tension side of groups of trees. Each tree was winched sideways again and the uprooting force recorded. No trenches were made in a control group of trees which were winched until failure occurred. Critical turning moment (TMcrit) and tree anchorage rotational stiffness (TARS) before and after trenching were calculated. Root systems were extracted for architectural analysis and relationships between architectural parameters and TMcrit and TARS were investigated. No differences were found between TMcrit and trenching distance. However, in control trees and trees with roots cut at 1.5 m, significant relationships did exist between both TMcrit and TARS with stem dimensions, rooting depth and root plate size. TARS was significantly decreased when roots were cut at 0.5 m only. Surprisingly, no relationships existed between TMcrit and TARS with any root system parameter when trenching was carried out at 0.5 or 1.0 m. Our study showed that in terms of TARS and TMcrit, mechanical stability was not greatly affected by trenching, probably because rooting depth close to the trunk was a major component of anchorag

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“…Restriction of soil rooting depth may represent an important stress factor to those tree species which have a well developed tap-root system, because of potential limitations imposed to plant anchorage (Bengough et al 1997;Coutts et al 1999;Clark et al 2003;Bengough et al 2006). Such restriction may arise from soil compaction, poor soil development (shallow soils) or superficial water table (Singh and Sainju 1998;Reubens et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial growth of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia) under equal soil volumes but contrasting rooting depths

Korndörfer

Mosena

Dillenburg

2008

Trees

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Araucaria angustifolia is a critically endangered tall tree species of valuable wood, and field observations led to the suggestion that limitations imposed to the vertical growth of its tap root system greatly restrict the height of mature individuals. However, experimental studies dealing with the effects of soil depth on the species growth are mostly lacking. This study evaluated and compared the growth responses of young plants of A. angustifolia to distinct rooting depths but same soil volumes. Seeds were planted in pots of different heights and diameters, all containing 3 liters of soil mixture. Plants were submitted to four available rooting depths: 65 (T1), 35 (T2), 20 (T3), and 10 (T4) cm. There were eight experimental units in each treatment, arranged in a randomized complete block design, each block containing two units per treatment. Contrary to what was expected, the T3 and T4 plants had accumulated more mass and attained the same height as the other two groups, after a 10-month growth period in a green house. Those plants also had thicker stems, longer shoot branches, and thicker and longer lateral roots, which were interpreted as compensatory responses to increase plant anchorage and stability. The inverse relationship between rooting depth and plant mass was attributed to a downregulation of shoot growth because or restricted lateral space and/or poor soil aeration of the longer and narrower pots. This experiment allowed us to demonstrate that is not the possibility of the tap root to grow deep into the soil that ensures a better growth to plants of A. angustifolia: provided that the offer of soil volume and resources are the same, the vertical extension of the tap root does not result in greater growth of the plants. In fact, much greater growth impairment is expected from lateral than from vertical restriction to root growth.

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Cited by 132 publications

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Tanoak (<i>Notholithocarpus densiflorus</i>) Coarse Root Morphology: Prediction Models for Volume and Biomass of Individual Roots

Tanoak (<i>Notholithocarpus densiflorus</i>) Coarse Root Morphology: Prediction Models for Volume and Biomass of Individual Roots

The effect of root architecture and root loss through trenching on the anchorage of tropical urban trees (Eugenia grandis Wight)

Initial growth of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia) under equal soil volumes but contrasting rooting depths

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Cited by 132 publications

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Tanoak (&lt;i&gt;Notholithocarpus densiflorus&lt;/i&gt;) Coarse Root Morphology: Prediction Models for Volume and Biomass of Individual Roots

Tanoak (&lt;i&gt;Notholithocarpus densiflorus&lt;/i&gt;) Coarse Root Morphology: Prediction Models for Volume and Biomass of Individual Roots

The effect of root architecture and root loss through trenching on the anchorage of tropical urban trees (Eugenia grandis Wight)

Initial growth of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia) under equal soil volumes but contrasting rooting depths

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Tanoak (<i>Notholithocarpus densiflorus</i>) Coarse Root Morphology: Prediction Models for Volume and Biomass of Individual Roots

Tanoak (<i>Notholithocarpus densiflorus</i>) Coarse Root Morphology: Prediction Models for Volume and Biomass of Individual Roots