1998
DOI: 10.1023/a:1022246124415
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Cited by 18 publications
(3 citation statements)
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“…High-resolution thermometers ͑HRTs͒ were developed by many groups [8][9][10][11][12] to study phase transitions in helium at low temperatures. The basic principle of operation is based upon the strong temperature dependence of the magnetization of a paramagnetic salt near its ferromagnetic transition in a magnetic field.…”
Section: Test Results and Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…High-resolution thermometers ͑HRTs͒ were developed by many groups [8][9][10][11][12] to study phase transitions in helium at low temperatures. The basic principle of operation is based upon the strong temperature dependence of the magnetization of a paramagnetic salt near its ferromagnetic transition in a magnetic field.…”
Section: Test Results and Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, thermodynamic temperature determination (based on the fundamental properties of thermal fluctuations in conductors) remains a complex and heavy task, for example, the resolution at room temperature of a commercially available Johnson noise thermometer is about 100 mK, reaching micro-Kelvin resolution at cryogenic operation temperatures . At low temperature (4 K), the measurement sensitivity can be improved by using a dc-SQUID magnetometer to determine the change in magnetization of a paramagnetic salt, reaching a resolution of about 100 pK, or by using the Coulomb blockade technique to measure the tunnel current in between metallic islands surrounded by an insulator . However, the applicability of these cryogenic techniques is very limited, and they need electrical interactions with the sample through electrical contacts.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The temperatures of the top (T t ), bottom (T b ), and the two sideplanes (T st and T sb ) were measured with nano-K resolution [17]. In each case the fill capillary came from an overflow volume containing the liquid-vapor interface on an isothermal shield which was kept at a temperature near 2.2 K and steady to ±1µK [18].…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%