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Noncontact density measurements of liquid, undercooled, and high temperature solid boron

“…Tavadze et al 5 first determined the density of the liquid state at the melting point ͑2360± 10 K͒ 6 using electron heating in vacuum. Later, Millot et al 7 extended the measurements over a large temperature range above the melting point using aerodynamic levitation coupled with image analysis and weight determination. 8 To solve the reported controversy about the volume behavior of boron at solidification, 7 and to provide density data in the undercooled state, experiments were undertaken in this study using a vacuum electrostatic levitation furnace.…”

“…Later, Millot et al 7 extended the measurements over a large temperature range above the melting point using aerodynamic levitation coupled with image analysis and weight determination. 8 To solve the reported controversy about the volume behavior of boron at solidification, 7 and to provide density data in the undercooled state, experiments were undertaken in this study using a vacuum electrostatic levitation furnace. In addition to being able to handle corrosive liquid samples at extreme temperatures, this method allows deep undercooled melts to be maintained long enough to carry out property measurements and solidification studies.…”

“…This supports previously reported investigations. 7,11,12 The radiance temperature was measured by two pyrometers with operating wavelengths of 0.90 and 0.96 m ͑120 Hz acquisition rate͒ and was calibrated to true temperature using the melting plateau. Emissivity was set at the melting plateau and was assumed constant over the entire liquid range because of the lack of data in the undercooled region.…”

Theoretical Estimation of Temperature-Dependent Surface Tension of Liquid Antimony, Boron, and Sulfur

“…In combination with knowledge about the structure of the melt, it can help to understand the nature of the liquid state. Although the density and surface tension of boron, [1,2] sulfur, [3][4][5][6][7] and antimony [8][9][10] have been measured before, significant uncertainties remain as to their magnitude. On this basis, theoretical calculations are a useful tool to assess the available data.…”

“…According to our calculations with the parameters and functions provided, the resulting theoretical function showed a decreasing function in the temperature ranges 904 K to 1200 K (631°C to 927°C), 2349 K to 3085 K (2076°C to 2812°C) and 388 K to 453 K (115°C to 180°C) for Sb, B, and S, respectively ( Figure 1). The density (q) values as a function of temperature of boron, [1,2] sulfur, [7] and antimony [8] were used as reported in the literature, where q is monotonically decreasing and almost a linear function with temperature. The equation has been used to calculate the surface tension of B, S, and Sb as a function of temperature using the data given in Tables I and II.…”