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Abstract

Charnley [1] developed the first bone cement in the 1960s using poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), which remains the most widely used material for fixation of orthopaedic joint replacements. In the field of dentistry, zinc polycarboxylate and glass polyalkenoate cements received major research interest from the 1970s to the present day. The discovery of a well-integrated intermediate layer between bone and many bioactive ceramic phases from the calcium-phosphate system, such as hydroxyapatite (HA), resulted in the development of new cements incorporating such phases. These investigations ranged from the development of castable bioactive materials to modified bioactive composites. This paper attempts to give a broad overview of the many different types of cements that have being developed in the past and those which are being researched at the present time. It has lead to a set of fundamental design criteria that should be considered prior to the development of a cement for use as a bone cement or in applications requiring a bone substitute.

The role of poly(acrylic acid) in conventional glass polyalkenoate cements

“…The reaction between both components results in a composite cement material consisting of reacted and unreacted glass particles embedded in a polysalt matrix [2][3][4]. GPCs are used in dentistry due to a selection of clinical advantages as follows [2,[5][6][7][8][9]: (a) Single-step adhesion characteristics of both enamel and dentine. These features have made them attractive candidates for expanded applications in hard tissue repair.…”

Properties of water confined in hydroxyapatite nanopores as derived from molecular dynamics simulations

“…The main mineral phase of mammalian bone is carbonated hydroxyapatite [1] (HAP), which grows as nanometric platelets on a collagen matrix [2], and for this reason HAP-based materials are of significant importance in the field biomaterials owing to their clinical applications as bone cements [3] or scaffolds in bone tissue engineering [4]. After the mineral and organic phases, water occupies the largest volume fraction in bone, and therefore role of water in calcified tissues has been extensively studied [5,6].…”

Acrylic Bone Cements Modified With Bioactive Filler

“…[1] Prostheses have an average lifetime of 12 to 15 years, [2,3] which for young patients, is a short lifetime. A reduction on average lifetime of the prostheses has been associated with temperature increase due to the polymerization reaction (which may cause thermal necrosis to adjacent tissues).…”

“…[1] One path is the incorporation of bioactive particles to promote bone growth around an implant. [1] Because almost 98 wt% of the total calcium in human organisms is present in the osseous structure as hydroxyapatite crystals C 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 , calcium phosphate Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , and calcium carbonate CaCO 3 , [5] in an attempt to increase biocompatibility and to promote bone growth around an implant, several studies incorporating hydroxyapatite (HA) and calcium phosphate have been reported. [1,[6][7][8] The presence of bioactive particles, besides modifying mechanical properties of the bone cement, [8,9] also affects curing characteristics.…”