Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. The neurotrophin couples synaptic activation to changes in gene expression underlying long term potentiation and short term plasticity. Here we show that BDNF acutely up-regulates GluR1, GluR2, and GluR3 ␣-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits in 7-day tropomyosin-related kinase in vitro cultured hippocampal neurons. The increase in GluR1 and GluR2 protein levels in developing cultures was impaired by K252a, a Trk inhibitor, and by translation (emetine and anisomycin) and transcription (␣-amanitine and actinomycin D) inhibitors. Accordingly, BDNF increased the mRNA levels for GluR1 and GluR2 subunits. Biotinylation studies showed that stimulation with BDNF for 30 min selectively increased the amount of GluR1 associated with the plasma membrane, and this effect was abrogated by emetine. Under the same conditions, BDNF induced GluR1 phosphorylation on Ser-831 through activation of protein kinase C and Ca 2؉ -calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Chelation of endogenous extracellular BDNF with TrkB-IgG selectively decreased GluR1 protein levels in 14-day in vitro cultures of hippocampal neurons. Moreover, BDNF promoted synaptic delivery of homomeric GluR1 AMPA receptors in cultured organotypic slices, by a mechanism independent of NMDA receptor activation. Taken together, the results indicate that BDNF up-regulates the protein levels of AMPA receptor subunits in hippocampal neurons and induces the delivery of AMPA receptors to the synapse.Neurotrophins are essential for the development of the vertebrate nervous system, modulate synaptic function, and play an important role in synaptic plasticity (1, 2). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 3 has been implicated in activitydependent synaptic plasticity, particularly in long term potentiation (LTP) induced by high frequency stimulation. Accordingly, LTP is impaired in the hippocampal CA1 region of animals deficient in BDNF, but it can be rescued by supplying the neurotrophin (3-5). Chelation of endogenous BDNF also prevents the induction of LTP by theta burst stimulation and reduces late phase LTP induced by high frequency stimulation (6, 7). Furthermore, the late phase LTP induced by tetanic stimulation was not observed in slices from BDNF knock-out mice and was also abrogated when TrkB receptors were blocked (8). Taken together, the available evidences point to a direct role of BDNF in the early and late phases of LTP.Binding of BDNF to TrkB receptors is followed by activation of intracellular signaling pathways, including the Ras/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, phospholipase C␥ (PLC␥), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt, and Src pathways (9 -11). TrkB receptors are located on axon terminals and in the post-synaptic density of glutamatergic synapses (12-14), but whether the effects of BDNF on synaptic plasticity are mediated by pre-and/or post-sy...