“…We translated the relevant information into English. Overall, ten studies [26, 31, 40, 45, 47, 51, 58, 68, 70, 73] reported mean and standard deviation for relevant outcomes. These results are presented in Additional Material 2.Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Reasons for unclear risk of bias ratings were mainly because the sample was a convenience sample, the sample size was not justified and rather small, or the survey’s response rate was not reported. Sixteen studies showed high risk of bias [29, 32, 52, 55, 58–60, 63, 65, 67, 69–74], because of low response rates (< 30%), inconsistent results, or the lack of informed consent or ethical approval (as rated by the AXIS tool).…”
The systematic review protocol was registered in PROSPERO on October 19th, 2017 with the number: CRD42017080039 and is available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=80039.
“…We translated the relevant information into English. Overall, ten studies [26, 31, 40, 45, 47, 51, 58, 68, 70, 73] reported mean and standard deviation for relevant outcomes. These results are presented in Additional Material 2.Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Reasons for unclear risk of bias ratings were mainly because the sample was a convenience sample, the sample size was not justified and rather small, or the survey’s response rate was not reported. Sixteen studies showed high risk of bias [29, 32, 52, 55, 58–60, 63, 65, 67, 69–74], because of low response rates (< 30%), inconsistent results, or the lack of informed consent or ethical approval (as rated by the AXIS tool).…”
The systematic review protocol was registered in PROSPERO on October 19th, 2017 with the number: CRD42017080039 and is available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=80039.
“…Some studies have suggested a relationship between older age and psychiatric problems, while others have indicated a reverse association and others did not present any association at all. 20 – 23 Age at onset of events, age at initiation of the migration process, the status of educational rights appropriate to age where the refugees have resided in, legal regulations, and parental loss are among factors that may be associated with such discrepancies. In our study, we found a higher rate of psychiatric disorders among children who were older, consistent with reports in the literature.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In our study, we found a higher rate of psychiatric disorders among children who were older, consistent with reports in the literature. 23 – 26 This may be associated with various factors, such as long-term problems in the countries from which refugees originated. It is possible that older children experienced many traumatic events prior to migration, during the process, and after the process, which may have affected their psychosocial development.…”
PurposeThis study assessed early-onset psychiatric disorders and factors related to these disorders in a group of refugee children after immigration due to war.Materials and methodsThis study was conducted between January 2016 and June 2016. Clinical interviews were conducted with 89 children and their families, and were performed by native speakers of Arabic and Persian who had been primarily educated in these languages and were living in Turkey. A strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) that had Arabic and Persian validity and reliability was applied to both children and their families. Independent variables for cases with and without a psychiatric disorder were analyzed using the χ2 test for categorical variables, Student’s t-test for those that were normally distributed, and Mann–Whitney U-test for data that were not normally distributed. Data that showed significant differences between groups who had a psychiatric disorder and on common effects in emerging psychiatric disorders were analyzed through binary logistic regression analysis.ResultsA total of 89 children and adolescents were interviewed within the scope of the study. The mean age of cases was 9.96±3.98 years, and 56.2% (n=50) were girls, while 43.8% (n=39) were boys. Among these children, 47 (52.8%) had come from Syria, 27 (30.3%) from Iraq, 14 (15.7%) from Afghanistan, and 1 (1.1%) from Iran. A psychiatric disorder was found in 44 (49.4%) of the children. A total of 26 children were diagnosed with anxiety disorders, 12 with depressive disorders, 8 with trauma and related disorders, 5 with elimination disorders, 4 with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and 3 with intellectual disabilities. It was determined that seeing a dead or injured person during war/emigration and the father’s unemployment increased the risk of psychopathology. The OR was 7.077 (95% CI 1.722–29.087) for having seen a dead or injured individual and 4.51 (95% GA 1.668–12.199) for father’s employment status.ConclusionWithin the context of war and emigration, these children try to cope with the negative circumstances they experience prior to migration, as well as the despair they see their parents experience.
“…Despite the development of the revised BDI-II 20 years ago (BDI-II; Beck et al, 1996 ), the original BDI is still widely used in clinical and research settings in both North America (Foa et al, 2005 ; Gillespie et al, 2009 ; Veerman et al, 2009 ; Delisle et al, 2012 ; Jayawickreme et al, 2014 ; Udo et al, 2015 ) and Europe (e.g., Suija et al, 2012 ; Lahlou-Laforet et al, 2015 ; Wardenaar et al, 2015 ). Strikingly, the BDI continues to be widely used to assess for depression in refugees and internally displaced and war-impacted populations (Mghir and Raskin, 1999 ; Bhui et al, 2003 ; Ghazinour et al, 2003 ; Yurtbay et al, 2003 ; Basishvili et al, 2012 ; Luitel et al, 2013 ; Kuittinen et al, 2014 ).…”
Depression is commonly seen in survivors of conflict and disaster across the world. There is a dearth of research on the validity of commonly used measures of depression in these populations. Measurements of depression that are used in multiple contexts need to meet measurement equivalence, i.e., the instrument measures the same construct in the same manner across different groups. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was administered to female trauma survivors in the United States (n = 268) and female survivors of war in Sri Lanka (n = 149). Three metrics of measurement equivalence—structural, metric, and scalar—were examined. Two- and three-factor structures of the BDI that have been identified in other populations did not provide a good fit for our data. However, a bifactor model revealed a similar general distress dimension across populations, but dissimilar secondary dimensions or subfactors. The Sri Lankan subfactor comprised of predominantly somatic symptoms and the United States subfactor comprised of cognitive and somatic symptoms. While intercepts of individual BDI items differed, their differences seem to be offsetting. Total BDI scores across these two populations are roughly comparable, although caution is recommended when interpreting them. Making comparisons on subscales is not recommended.
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