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A1- and A2 beta-casein on health-related outcomes: a scoping review of animal studies

“…C: equal solvent volumes (no further details reported) Daily 1 mg/kg of either I or C for 14 days Neurological effect*: behavioural change (learning behaviour) Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Nr. 05-04-49761) und the Basic Research Program of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Molecular and Cell Biology” 9 Gritsai 2000 [ 34 ] Russia 300 laboratory cultured cockroaches (Periplaneta Americana), weighing approx. 1 g To evaluate the locomotor defence response (LDR) to electrical stimulation after injection of BCM7 I: BCM-7 administration (between the bases of the forelegs) C: Administration (between the bases of the forelegs) of: (a) naloxone, or (b)saline solution I: single dose of either 50 μg/g, 100 μg/g, or 200 μg/g C (a): either 50 μg/g, 5 μg/g, or 1 μg/g C (b): dose not reported Neurological effect*: analgesic effect Not reported 10 Han 2013 [ 43 ] China 32 Sprague–Dawley rats, weighing between 150 and 180 g, aged 32 weeks To evaluate efficacy of BCM7 against myocardial injury in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats I: Oral administration of BCM-7 with the normal diet C: normal diet I: daily 7.5 × 10 –8 mol for 30 days C: n.a Intermediate marker related to diabetes*: cardiac index (diabetic cardiomyopathy) Various enzyme concentrations Blood glucose concentration Body weight change National Natural Science Foundation of China und Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD) 11 Haq 2014b [ 49 ] India 18 Swiss albino mice, weighing between 20 and 25 kg To evaluate the influence of BCM5/7 on the inflammatory immune response in the mice gut I: Oral administration (intubation) of BCM-7 C: Oral administration (intubation) of either: (a) BCM-5, or (b) PBS I: daily 7.5 × 10 –8 mol dissolved in 200 μl PBS for 15 days C (a): daily 7.5 × 10 –8 mol dissolved in 200 μl PBS for 15 days C (b): daily 200 μl PBS for 15 days Gut immune response*, measured with immunoglobulins, the concentration of various enzymes, etc.…”

“…Most studies ( n = 25) were supported by different independent funding agencies or research institutes, ten studies provided no information on funding [ 18 , 20 , 23 , 29 , 34 , 36 – 38 , 41 , 45 ], and one study reported that no funding was received [ 28 ].…”

“…All studies included at least 3154 animals in total (min 6 animals and max 639 animals per study; five studies did not report the exact number of animals included [18][19][20][21][22]). Most studies administered BCM-7 as injection [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] and ten studies administered it orally [25,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51]. Most studies provided BCM-7 alone, whereas three studies used a mix of BCM-fragments (including BCM-7) as intervention [25,44,50].…”

“…Most studies compared this effect to other BCM fragments and investigated the opioid pathway for achieving the analgesic effect, including binding properties (e.g., affinity to opioid receptors). It was analysed in rats in five studies [18,23,[29][30][31], in cockroaches in one study [34] and in broiler chickens in one further study [20]. Results showed that BCM-7 achieved significant pain relief in animals receiving the intervention.…”

Pain and Suffering in Farmed Animals: First Steps Towards Better Understanding and Management (Musk and Clutton, 2024) - Insects

“…Morphine's effects have also been observed in some other insects (Núñez et al 1983;Zabala et al 1984;Zabala and Gómez 1991;Gritsai et al 2004; but see (Groening et al 2017) despite the fact that there are no known receptors for morphine in insects (Mirabeau and Joly 2013). Others compounds found to dose-dependently induce antinociceptive effects in cockroaches, honey bees, or other taxa include: certain β-casomorphines (Gritsai et al 2000;Gritsai et al 2004), rubiscolin-5, dinorphin A, met-enkephalin, exorphine C (Gritsai et al 2008;Gritsaĭ et al 2009), ethanol (Núñez et al 1983;Giannoni-Guzmán et al 2014); but see (Núñez et al 1983), and Tv1 (a teretoxin Tv1 from Terebra variegata; (Eriksson et al 2018) However, in most cases the mechanisms have not been robustly demonstrated, so caution is advised in interpreting the results of behavioral changes in response to these drugs. For instance, the effects of ethanol on learning and shock avoidance in bees may be due to its effects on cognition, memory, or locomotion (Abramson et al 2000;Giannoni-Guzmán et al 2014;Black et al 2021).…”