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Abstract

Cancer development, a dynamic and long-term process, involves many complex factors with stepwise progression ultimately leading to uncontrolled spreading and growth of cancerous cells throughout the body called metastasis. The three critical steps in this process for several types of human cancer formation are initiation, promotion and progression. Invasion and metastasis are fundamental properties of malignant cancer cells. In advanced tumors, EMT (epithelialmesenchymal transition) and mesenchymal-epithilial transition (MET) is commonly associated with acquisition of metastatic potential. Chemoprevention, a relatively new and promising strategy to prevent cancer, is defined as the use of natural dietary compounds and/or synthetic substances to block, inhibit, reverse, or retard the process of tumorigenesis. The chemopreventive effects elicited by these natural dietary compounds are believed to be the properties include antioxidative, anti-inflammatory activity, induction of phase 2 enzymes, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. In this review, we will discuss the phytochemicals on the potential molecular targets and signalling pathways that mediate tumour metastasis.