9—the Lepidometer—an Instrument for Measuring the Scaliness of Animal Fibres

Speakman, J. B.; Chamberlain, N. H.; Menkart, J.

doi:10.1080/19447024508659708

Cited by 29 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…are given in Figure 1 ; similar curves are obtained if area shrinkages after any other times are plotted against pH. These curves agree roughly with some others reported [3,11,12,16,20] and show the expected increased felting rate in acid solution.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Each effect could lead to an increased felting ratẽ 20,21 ] . The effect of pH of the liquor on the felting of shrink-resistant wool has also been investigated 11, 2,12] and the results presented in two dilfereiit ways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…It seems certain that felting is faster (at similar detergent-concentrations) in acid than in neutral or alkaline solution [3, 11, 12, 16, 20, 21, ] , the increased felting rate being paralleled both by a larger differ ence between frictional coefficients 13, 14,20,23 ] and by a reduced resistance to extension [ 19,21 ] . Each effect could lead to an increased felting ratẽ 20,21 ] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Several curves relating the felting shrinkage of wool to the pH of the felting liquor have been pub- lished 13,11,12,16,20,21 ] . There is some disagreement as to the shape of the curve in alkaline solutions, which may be due to the buffer solutions used [11, 20J, the presence of small amounts of absorbed soap [ 11 ] (since soap and other lubricants on wool can significantly increase the rate of felting [6,16]), to soap or detergents in the liquor, and probably also to differences in yarn structure, fabric structure, and differences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of pH and Detergents on the Felting of Shrink-Resistant Wool

McPhee

Feldtman

1961

Textile Research Journal

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The rate of felting of an untreated wool fabric increases with decreasing pH of the felting solution over the pH range 2-10. The felting rate is increased at all pH values by the addition of nonionic detergent to the solution.The felting, relative to untreated wool, of wool made shrink-resistant with permanganate/salt, acid chlorine, permonosulfuric acid followed by sulfite, permanganate hypochlorite, peracetic acid/hypochlorite, hypochlorite at pH 8, or gaseous chlorine increases with decreasing pH of the felting solution. The magnitude of this effect can he reduced by treatment with higher concentrations of reagents. After treatment with reagents of the concentrations used industrially, no change in felting rates with pH can be detected at pH values above 5. The actual rate of felting of wool treated with reagents of these concentrations is low and is not significantly affected by the addition of soap or nonionic detergents to the solutions. The felting, relative to untreated wool, of wool treated with ethanolic thioglycolate, aqueous hisulfite (on extracted wool). hydrogen peroxide folluwed hy bisulfite, ethanolic sodium hydroxide, or sodium hydroxide saturated salt does not vary with pH in the absence of detergent. Felting is increased by the addition of detergent to the solutions. In detergent solutions, the relative felting of wool treated with ethanolic thioglycolate, aqueous bisulfite (on extracted wool), or hydrogen peroxide bisulfite does not change with pH. hut the relative felting of wool treated with sodium hydroxide in ethanol or saturated salt solution reaches a maximum at pH 7-9.Frictional properties of fibers treated with some of the reagents have been measured (by the capstan method using a keratin rod at different pH values in the presence and absence of detergent. Felting behavior does not appear to be explained by these frictional properties alone. Some other property, or properties, of treated wool, which vary differently with pH than do similar properties of untreated wool, must play a part in felting.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Effect of pH and Detergents on the Felting of Shrink-Resistant Wool

McPhee

Feldtman

1961

Textile Research Journal

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“…A mechanical ratchet effect is not possihie here. Rndall (Speakman and Menkart, 1945) has prepared a rubber model, which exhibits frictional difference against gla-ss, from pieces of overlapping rubber arranged in a manner similar to Fig. 8(a).…”

Section: The Action Of Khrinkage-reduction Treatments On the Cuttclementioning

confidence: 99%

An Electron Microscope Investigation of the Cuticle of Wool

Mercer

Rees

1946

Aust J Exp Biol Med

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The cortex of keratin fibres, which is the ba^is of their remarkable elastic properties, has been made the subject of many chemical and physical investigations (Astbury and Woods, 1933 and Woods, 1988) ; the cuticle on the other hand, presents greater difficulties in investigation and consequently has_ been relatively little studied. The cuticle, whieh forms a sleeve of flattened imbricated cells enveloping the cortex, nevertheless fulfils several important functions : its chemical inertness and physical toughness serve to protect the more vulnerable cortex, it is a limiting factor in the processes of absorption, and it confers upon the fibre the property of unsymmetrical friction, the primary cause of wool felting.We do not wish to review here the optical microscopy of the wool fibre, but some information is necessary for the understanding of the electron micrographs (E.M.G.S.), and it will be advantageous to discnss this briefly before proceeding. A comprehensive account may be found in Frolich, Spottel and Tanzer (1929).Tho cortex of the fibre is compoaed of thin spindle-shaped cells about 100;^ long cemented toijether to form an optically homogeneous filamciit. The cuticle cells are flat, roughly oval-sliaped bodies about. 30/( in diameter and of thickness ranging between 0-5 and l-5/i. Physical and chemical evidence suggest that the cortex is fibrous and that the cuticle possessea no molecular orientation.The histology of the hair follicle, within which the wool fibre is developed, has been freqiiontly described. (Soe, for inatanee, Kronacher and Lodemann, 1930). As a first approximation, the fibre may be regarded aa a rod of keratin extruded from the follicle as a result of the proaaiirp developed by the continuous proliferation of cells. The cells are scarcely distinguishable from one another at the level of the papilla. Tlic marked changes in shape are to be ascribed partly to the effects of the physical and chemical environment of the follicle and partly to original difFeronces in cell composition. The proto-ccrtical ceUs of the non mediiUatcd wool fibre occupy the centre of the follicle and are elongated by extrusion through tbe narrowing foHicular nock. Tlie proto-cuticle cells on the other hand are hindered in their movement by the proximity of the follicle "wiiUa" and are flattened and wrapped around the body of the cortex. The basic organizational difference between the two types of cells, the fibrous cortical amd non-fibrous cuticle-, are to be referred back to the occurrence or absence of an orientating flow at this level in tlie follicle. Certain other minor structural details of the cuticle cell may also be referred to the moulding effect of the follicle; these will be discussed later.During tlio pre-kcratinous stage at which the fibre components are being monlded into shape ths protein they contain is soft and plastic. The subsequent hardening process or keratinization sets the cells in'the shape they present when finally isolated from the fibre by the action of agents which attack preferenti...

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Scaliness of Wool Fibres

Menkart¹,

Speakman²

1945

Nature

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9—the Lepidometer—an Instrument for Measuring the Scaliness of Animal Fibres

Cited by 29 publications

References 7 publications

The Effect of pH and Detergents on the Felting of Shrink-Resistant Wool

The Effect of pH and Detergents on the Felting of Shrink-Resistant Wool

An Electron Microscope Investigation of the Cuticle of Wool

Scaliness of Wool Fibres

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