9: The Establishment of Sanctuaries for Former Laboratory Chimpanzees

Hirata, Satoshi; Morimura, Naruki; Watanuki, Koshiro; Ross, Stephen R.

doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226728032.003.0009

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Some captive chimpanzees manifest abnormal, stereotypical, or self-injurious behaviors [ 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ] which are associated with trauma in humans [ 66 , 67 , 68 ]. Many captive chimpanzees have experienced some level of trauma such as separation from mother in infancy or life history events (experimentation, entertainment, neglect) [ 26 , 45 ]. Chimpanzee caregivers then often are exposed to individuals who have experienced trauma which is the key operative in STS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Preliminary Assessment of Compassion Fatigue in Chimpanzee Caregivers

Jensvold

2022

Animals

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Compassion fatigue is defined as “traumatization of helpers through their efforts at helping others”. It has negative effects on clinicians including reduced satisfaction with work, fatigue, irritability, dread of going to work, and lack of joy in life. It is correlated with patients’ decreased satisfaction with care. Compassion fatigue occurs in a variety of helping professions including educators, social workers, mental health clinicians, and it also appears in nonhuman animal care workers. This study surveyed caregivers of chimpanzees using the ProQOL-V to assess the prevalence of compassion fatigue among this group. Compassion satisfaction is higher than many other types of animal care workers. Conversely, this group shows moderate levels of burnout and secondary traumatic stress; higher levels than other types of animal care workers and many medical professions. While compassion fatigue has an effect on the caregiver’s experience, it has potential to affect animal welfare. Caregivers are an integral part of the chimpanzee social network. Compassion fatigue affects the caregiver’s attitude, this could in turn affect the relationship and degrade the experience of care for captive chimpanzees. Compassion fatigue can be mitigated with professional development, mindfulness training, interrelationships among staff, and specialized training. This preliminary assessment indicates the work ahead is educating caregivers about compassion fatigue and implementing procedures in sanctuaries to mitigate burnout and secondary traumatic stress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are approximately 1327 chimpanzees in North America. Of those, 921 live in sanctuaries accredited by the Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries (GFAS) and zoos accredited by the American Zoological Association (AZA) [ 25 , 26 ]. An additional approximate 406 live in laboratories, and unaccredited facilities [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Preliminary Assessment of Compassion Fatigue in Chimpanzee Caregivers

Jensvold

2022

Animals

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“…Over the last 17 years, chimpanzees have been moving into sanctuaries in unprecedented numbers [ 1 , 2 ]. Many of these chimpanzees have come from biomedical research facilities or situations where they were reared by or had close relationships with humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggressive, Submissive, and Affiliative Behavior in Sanctuary Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes) During Social Integration

Fultz

Yanagi

Breaux

et al. 2022

Animals

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Chimp Haven is a sanctuary for chimpanzees being retired from biomedical research and from facilities that can no longer care for them. Chimpanzees often live in smaller groups in captive settings; however, Chimp Haven integrates them into larger, more species-typical groups. Social integrations, the process of introducing unfamiliar chimpanzees to one another, are often complex in terms of logistics and can be stressful due to the territorial nature of the animals, reduced space in captivity, and the fact that these situations are engineered by humans. From 2005 to 2015, Chimp Haven conducted 225 social integrations including 282 chimpanzees (male: n = 135; female: n = 147). Each integration involved 2 to 26 chimpanzees (mean = 9) and their age ranged from < one year old to 59 years old (mean = 30). We collected data ad libitum during the first 60 min after doors were opened between unfamiliar chimpanzees. The chimpanzees’ affiliative, aggressive, and submissive behaviors were examined, comparing the subject’s sex, rearing history, location/enclosure type, and group size impacts on these behaviors. The subject’s sex, location, and group size were associated with the frequency of affiliative behaviors observed during social integration. All variables except for group size were associated with the frequency of aggressive behavior. The frequency of submissive behavior differed based on the subject’s sex, rearing history, and group size. We were unable to make comparisons between successful and unsuccessful integrations, as most of these integrations were successful.

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“…After the Convention of the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) was ratified in 1980, importation became illegal except for a brief period in cases where exporting and importing countries reached an agreement. In total, 205 individuals have been biomedical subjects in Japan [12]. In comparison, in 2010 approximately 1000 chimpanzees were in laboratories across the USA, which ended invasive biomedical research using them in 2015 [2,13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike in the USA, invasive biomedical research using chimpanzees in Japan was stopped in 2006 as a result of activism by researchers and the public, and was not the result of a government act. In 2012, the last three individuals being held at a private medical company in Japan were moved to Kumamoto Sanctuary, marking the end of chimpanzees being held at biomedical institutions in Japan [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis C virus infection reduces the lifespan of chimpanzees used in biomedical research

et al. 2022

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Chimpanzees were used in hepatitis research for over three decades with the aim to identify and develop treatments for the virus, a leading cause of chronic liver disease in humans. We used a dataset of 120 chimpanzees housed at a single institution in Japan, 22 of whom became chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), to examine whether HCV infection results in a reduced lifespan as reported in humans. Survival analysis showed that HCV carriers experienced a higher mortality risk compared with non-carriers. Although no chimpanzee died from hepatic disease, carriers showed higher gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γGTP) levels compared with non-carriers suggesting that HCV infection negatively affected their liver condition. These results provide evidence that special attention is necessary to monitor the long-term condition of ex-biomedical primates.

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9: The Establishment of Sanctuaries for Former Laboratory Chimpanzees

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

A Preliminary Assessment of Compassion Fatigue in Chimpanzee Caregivers

A Preliminary Assessment of Compassion Fatigue in Chimpanzee Caregivers

Aggressive, Submissive, and Affiliative Behavior in Sanctuary Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes) During Social Integration

Hepatitis C virus infection reduces the lifespan of chimpanzees used in biomedical research

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