89184563 Local bone mineral response to brief exercise that stresses the skeleton

Beverly, Michael; Rider, T A; Mj, Evans; Smith, Richmond W.

doi:10.1016/0378-5122(90)90071-d

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 2 publications

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“…One unifying explanation for the high scaling exponents and the difference in Q i between mammals and reptiles is the requirement for bone remodelling in response to stresses put on the bones during locomotion. It is very well established that mammals increase remodelling of their bones in response to mechanical loading during exercise [24,25], and measurements indicate that this requires increased blood flow in long bones [26]. Remodelling increases cellular activity within the bone cortex, presumably increasing metabolic rate and thus accounting for the increased oxygenation [11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood flow to long bones indicates activity metabolism in mammals, reptiles and dinosaurs

et al. 2011

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The cross-sectional area of a nutrient foramen of a long bone is related to blood flow requirements of the internal bone cells that are essential for dynamic bone remodelling. Foramen area increases with body size in parallel among living mammals and non-varanid reptiles, but is significantly larger in mammals. An index of blood flow rate through the foramina is about 10 times higher in mammals than in reptiles, and even higher if differences in blood pressure are considered. The scaling of foramen size correlates well with maximum whole-body metabolic rate during exercise in mammals and reptiles, but less well with resting metabolic rate. This relates to the role of blood flow associated with bone remodelling during and following activity. Mammals and varanid lizards have much higher aerobic metabolic rates and exercise-induced bone remodelling than non-varanid reptiles. Foramen areas of 10 species of dinosaur from five taxonomic groups are generally larger than from mammals, indicating a routinely highly active and aerobic lifestyle. The simple measurement holds possibilities offers the possibility of assessing other groups of extinct and living vertebrates in relation to body size, behaviour and habitat.Keywords: metabolic rate; blood flow; bone remodelling; nutrient foramen; allometry INTRODUCTIONThe size of blood vessels is dynamically variable, responding to the blood flow requirements through them. Vessels throughout the body react specifically to greater blood pressures by thickening and strengthening the walls, and to greater shear stress (related to the velocity of the blood) by increasing circumference [1,2]. Organs that have higher metabolic rates require higher flow rates and therefore have larger blood vessels that service them. To test the hypothesis that differences in blood perfusion rates reflect differences in metabolic capacity between species, this study examines the correlations between femoral nutrient foramen size, bone volume, body mass and resting and maximum metabolic rates in living mammals and reptiles. As bones are the only tissues remaining from non-avian dinosaurs, the relationships between nutrient foramina size and metabolic capacity developed for mammals and reptiles can indicate the levels of activity and metabolic status of dinosaurs.Long bones of all amniotes, comprising the reptiles, mammals and birds, receive blood from three sources: (i) nutrient vessels, (ii) metaphyseal and epiphyseal vessels that combine after the cartilaginous growth plate is closed and (iii) periosteal vessels [3]. The nutrient system contributes around 50 -70% of the blood supply

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood flow to long bones indicates activity metabolism in mammals, reptiles and dinosaurs

et al. 2011

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Frequency-effect of playing screen golf on body composition and golf performance in middle-aged men

Jang

Jee

2014

J Exerc Rehabil

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There are many studies showing that physical training improves body composition including bone mineral density (BMD) in almost all subjects. However, the frequency-dependent effect of playing golf on body composition is still not clearly comprehended. Moreover, the effect of screen golf in relations with exercise-frequency on body composition and golf performance has not been documented. Forty year old men participated and were classified into 4 groups: Control group (n= 10), BMD1 group (n= 10) played screen golf less than 1 day per a week, BMD2–3 group (n= 10) played screen golf 2–3 days per a week, and BMD5 group (n= 10) played screen golf 5 days per week. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed on 30 male recreational golfers and 10 sedentary individuals. The data gained through DXA were fat mass, lean mass, regional (head, rib, arm, leg, pelvis, spine and trunk) BMD level, and total BMD level summed by regional scores. The club speeds were measured using the Golfzon Vision machine and the handicap points were measured using a simple questionnaire. The present results suggest that the long-frequency of playing screen golf does not improve bone mineral density, lean mass, and handicap point yet improves fat mass and club speed in the middle-aged men.

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89184563 Local bone mineral response to brief exercise that stresses the skeleton

Cited by 2 publications

References 2 publications

Blood flow to long bones indicates activity metabolism in mammals, reptiles and dinosaurs

Blood flow to long bones indicates activity metabolism in mammals, reptiles and dinosaurs

Frequency-effect of playing screen golf on body composition and golf performance in middle-aged men

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