85. Archaeology and Metallurgy. I. Welding and Soldering

Maryon, Herbert

doi:10.2307/2791583

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Hard-soldering or brazing seems to be widely used in the Egyptian workshops since at least the Middle Kingdom [9], and may attain a very high quality for some particular jewellery items belonging to important personages [10,11]. The brazes or brazing alloys are in this case gold alloys whose melting point is lower than the parts to be joined.…”

Section: Gold Work In Ancient Egyptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast mapping of gold jewellery from ancient Egypt with PIXE: Searching for hard-solders and PGE inclusions

Lemasson¹,

Moignard²,

Pacheco³

et al. 2015

Talanta

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Section: Gold Work In Ancient Egyptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast mapping of gold jewellery from ancient Egypt with PIXE: Searching for hard-solders and PGE inclusions

Lemasson¹,

Moignard²,

Pacheco³

et al. 2015

Talanta

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“…They prepared gold and silver filigree patterns made of tiny beads arranged in artistic motifs and soldered together [24].…”

Section: Tin-lead Soldering Of Ancient Objectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lead-tin solder (or soft solder) was commonly used by metal smiths during Antiquity to join pieces of metal together at low temperatures, and produce joints in copper, bronze, brass, and silver objects [24,26]. In Classical Antiquity, the solder was usually an alloy of tin and lead, commonly two parts of tin and one part of lead (tertiarium); and the flux was tree resin, tallow, or other oily substance [1].…”

Section: Tin-lead Soldering Of Ancient Objectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Archaeometallurgical Investigation of Joining Processes of Metal Objects from Shipwrecks: Three Test Cases

Ashkenazi

Cvikel

Stern

et al. 2014

Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal.

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This article presents archaeometallurgical research of three types of metal objects excavated underwater from two shipwrecks in Israel: Tantura F (mid-seventh-end of eighth centuries AD) and Akko 1 (first third of nineteenth century). Both non-destructive and destructive methods were employed. The finds were manufactured by joining processes; therefore, the studies concentrated on metallurgical processes. However, these researches were multidisciplinary, combining typological analyses of the archeological objects, as well as the historical perspective. The first case study is of an iron anchor from the Tantura F shipwreck. This anchor has a typical heterogeneous wrought iron microstructure of ferrite-pearlite-cementite and Widmanstätten plates, manufactured from several blooms made by the direct process. The blooms were joined using forge-welding by an expert blacksmith, resulting in a high-quality iron product. The blooms used in the anchor's circular cross-section shank were forge-welded from iron and steel pieces, producing a composite material with superior mechanical properties. The second case study presents a 12-pdr cannonball from the Akko 1 shipwreck. The cannonball was manufactured from high-quality wrought iron, with a homogenous microstructure of iron matrix and rather large equiaxed a-ferrite grains, produced by an indirect technique, using the hot-forgewelding process. As its production technique pre-dates that of the ship, it is suggested that this cannonball was manufactured in a different place and by a different technology from the other cannonballs found in the shipwreck. It is also possible that the 12-pdr cannonball might have been used as ballast. The third case study deals with brass cases from the Akko 1 shipwreck. The cases were made of brass containing equiaxed a-brass grains with twins, manufactured from rolled sheets that may have originated in Great Britain. The parts were joined by soldering with tin-lead alloy, and it is suggested that the cases were made in an Egyptian workshop.

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“…Brazing is characterised to use higher temperatures (T N 450°C) [7]. These ancient joining techniques also comprise a previous aid of a flux (beeswax, borax or resin) to dissolve or disperse the oxide film of the substrate, turning on a more effective and stronger bond, after the mechanical cleaning of corrosion products from the metallic surfaces to be joined together [1,5,[7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gold joins were greatly examined from ancient jewelry, comprising several joining techniques and it was found that copper or a mixture of silver and copper was alloyed with gold and used for brazing [e.g. 3,8,10,11]. Lang and Hughes [5,6] analysed 19 Roman silver objects and found the presence of Cu-Sn brazing and Sn-Pb soldering, concluding that Sn-Pb soldering was mainly used to attach handles and for repairs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro-EDXRF, SEM-EDS and OM characterisation of tin soldering found in handle attachments of Roman situlae from Conimbriga (Portugal)

Lopes

Silva

Araújo

et al. 2018

Microchemical Journal

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Tin (Sn) or a Sn-rich solder applied to copper-based artefacts has been frequently used at least, since the Ancient Greece, although scarce studies have been published concerning the technology of this metallurgical joining technique. Several filler remnants were reported to be found in a Roman collection of handle attachments of situlae or cauldrons (2nd century BCE-5th century CE) from the archaeological site of Conimbriga, a Roman city from the Lusitania Province (Portugal). All these artefacts were cast in high leaded coppers and bronzes. The present study aims to contribute to the knowledge of Sn-rich soldering, an ancient metallurgical joining technique, by the characterisation of the fusible metallic alloy present in 10 Roman artefacts by means of micro-energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (micro-EDXRF), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDS) microanalysis and optical microscope (OM) observations. Results of studied solders show the presence of Cu-Sn alloys, with Sn contents ranging from δ to η phase composition (30-60 wt% Sn). As the attachments were made in leaded copper alloys, it was also observed, in some cases, the melting of the interdendritic Pb-rich chains with long-range diffusion of the solder alloy into the substrate. The fillers compositions suggest that the handle attachments have been joined to a situla body by the soldering metallurgical process with Sn or a Sn-rich alloy. The studied leaded Cu-Sn attachments, probably formulated by local craftsman, were joined into the body of a situla or cauldron with a soft solder (soldering), a common metallurgical joint from Antiquity, although no relation was found between composition or typology and the Sn or Sn-rich solder.

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85. Archaeology and Metallurgy. I. Welding and Soldering

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Fast mapping of gold jewellery from ancient Egypt with PIXE: Searching for hard-solders and PGE inclusions

Fast mapping of gold jewellery from ancient Egypt with PIXE: Searching for hard-solders and PGE inclusions

Archaeometallurgical Investigation of Joining Processes of Metal Objects from Shipwrecks: Three Test Cases

Micro-EDXRF, SEM-EDS and OM characterisation of tin soldering found in handle attachments of Roman situlae from Conimbriga (Portugal)

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