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Tell me who you are, I'll tell you how you lead: Beyond the Full-Range Leadership Model, the role of corporate psychopathy on employee attitudes

“…Job neglect was measured using four items from Kidwell and Robie (2003) Withholding Effort Scales. The instrument uses a five point Likert-type scale measuring the frequency with which participants carried out the behaviors presented in the items (1 = Never to 5 = All the time).…”

Positive Group Context, Work Attitudes, and Organizational Misbehavior: The Case of Withholding Job Effort

“…Withholding effort on the job was assessed with statements that evaluate ''social loafing'' (3 items), ''job neglect'' (5 items), and ''shirking'' (2 items) (Kidwell and Robie, 2003). Example items from these dimensions included ''I give less effort than other members of the work group,'' ''I take more and longer breaks than I should'' and ''I give less than 100 percent effort on my job.''…”

“…We extend this line of research to a specific type of misbehavior -''withholding effort'' in job-related tasks (Bennett and Naumann, 2005;Kidwell and Bennett, 1993;Kidwell and Robie, 2003) and consider how elements of group climate as well as effort-performance expectancies and job satisfaction affect employee effort levels. Withholding effort in the work group is an important ethical issue because intentional actions to lower effort can adversely affect co-workers' perceptions of equity and justice (Bennett and Naumann, 2005).…”

“…429-430). Variants of this phenomenon include shirking (holding back full effort on the job), social loafing (reducing effort levels when others are around to do the work) and job neglect (withdrawal from job-related duties) (Albanese and Van Fleet, 1985;Kidwell and Robie, 2003;Latané et al, 1979;Leck and Saunders, 1992).…”

That’s not my place: The interacting effects of faultlines, subgroup size, and social competence on social loafing behaviour in work groups

“…Whereas many questionnaires measuring social loafing exist (e.g., George, 1992;Kidwell & Robie, 2003;or Liden et al, 2004), there are no instruments for coding behavioural social loafing in group situations. However, the act4teams coding scheme (e.g., Kauffeld, 2006a;Kauffeld & Lehmann-Willenbrock, 2012;Kauffeld & Meyers, 2009) has one category, denial of responsibility, which operationalizes verbal loafing behaviour very closely, as we explain later.…”