81. The (+)- and (–)-o-tolyl-p-tolylcarbinols

Balfe, Michael P.; Hargreaves, M. K.; Kenyon, Joseph

doi:10.1039/jr9510000375

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…This variation is not evenly distributed across the HIV-1 genome; rates of nucleotide substitution are particularly high in hypervariable regions (V1-V5) of the env gene (11) and are lower in pol and the p24 coding region of gag (1,11,12). This suggests that the levels of sequence variation are not simply reflections of the intrinsic mutation rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…evolution for HIV-1 (1,4,10,11,29). If, as we suggest, natural selection is the major mechanism of sequence change in this region of the HIV-1 genome, then any attempt to estimate a mean rate of evolution within a patient is likely to be misleading.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analyses of nucleic acid sequences from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have revealed a large amount of variation both between and within patients (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). This variation is not evenly distributed across the HIV-1 genome; rates of nucleotide substitution are particularly high in hypervariable regions (V1-V5) of the env gene (11) and are lower in pol and the p24 coding region of gag (1,11,12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Convergent and divergent sequence evolution in the surface envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 within a single infected patient.

Holmes

Zhang

Simmonds

et al. 1992

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

207

146

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In an investigation of the evolution of the third hypervariable loop of gpl20 (V3), the principal neutralization determinant of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, we have analyzed 89 V3 sequences of plasma viral RNA purified from peripheral blood samples donated over 7 years by an infected hemophiliac. Considerable sequence diversity in the V3 region was found at all time points after seroconversion. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that an important diversification had occurred by 3 years posinfection and that, subsequently, most sequences could be allocated to either one of two major lineages that persisted throughout the remainder of the infection. Rapid changes in frequency of the most common sequences and the observation that the same hexapeptide motif (GPGSAV) at the crown of the V3 loop has evolved convergently provide strong evidence that selective processes determine the evolutionary fate of sequence variants in this region.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Convergent and divergent sequence evolution in the surface envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 within a single infected patient.

Holmes

Zhang

Simmonds

et al. 1992

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

207

146

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Most studies relied on molecular cloning of HCV genomic fragments amplified by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) but major differences were found among the studies in the degree of genomic variability and prevalence of defective viral genomes (10,11,(14)(15)(16)(17). This phenomenon seems not to be an isolated finding, because significant discrepancies in the prevalence of defective genomes also have been observed among different studies of HIV quasispecies (18)(19)(20)(21). One explanation for these differences could be that the viral populations are not comparable in different individuals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

How Escherichia coli can bias the results of molecular cloning: Preferential selection of defective genomes of hepatitis C virus during the cloning procedure

Forns

Bukh

Purcell

et al. 1997

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Cloned PCR products containing hepatitis C virus (HCV) genomic fragments have been used for analyses of HCV genomic heterogeneity and protein expression. These studies assume that the clones derived are representative of the entire virus population and that subsets are not inadvertently selected. The aim of the present study was to express HCV structural proteins. However, we found that there was a strong cloning selection for defective genomes and that most clones generated initially were incapable of expressing the HCV proteins. The HCV structural region (C-E1-E2-p7) was directly amplified by long reverse transcription-PCR from the plasma of an HCV-infected patient or from a control plasmid containing a viable full-length cDNA of HCV derived from the same patient but cloned in a different vector. The PCR products were cloned into a mammalian expression vector, amplified in Escherichia coli, and tested for their ability to produce HCV structural proteins. Twenty randomly picked clones derived from the HCV-infected patient all contained nucleotide mutations leading to absence or truncation of the expected HCV products. Of 25 clones derived from the control plasmid, only 8% were fully functional for polyprotein synthesis. The insertion of extra nucleotides in the region just upstream of the start codon of the HCV insert led to a statistically significant increase in the number of fully functional clones derived from the patient (42%) and from the control plasmid (72-92%). Nonrandom selection of clones during the cloning procedure has enormous implications for the study of viral heterogeneity, because it can produce a false spectrum of genomic diversity. It can also be an impediment to the construction of infectious viral clones.

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“…We decided to develop an alternative synthetic route to optically pure 4-substituted y-Iactone, and report here the synthesis of both enantiomers of 4-hexanolide (1), the pheromone of Trogoderma glabrum,1) and of 4-dodecanolide (2), a defensive secretion of rove beetles. 7) Optically pure alcohol 3a was easily obtained by the method reported by Balfe et al,8) In order to determine the optical purity of the enantiomers of 1 and 2, they were treated with methyl magnesium iodide to give the enantiomers of diols 5a and 6a. 3 ,5) By HPLC analyses of the corresponding O(-methoxy-O(-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid (MTPA) esters 5b and 6b, both the enantiomers of 1 and 2 were shown to be of 100% e.e.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of 4-Hexanolide and 4-Dodecanolide

Ebata

Kawakami

Koseki

et al. 1991

Agricultural and Biological Chemistry

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81. The (+)- and (–)-o-tolyl-p-tolylcarbinols

Abstract: The ( + )a d ( -) -o-ToZyZ-p-toZyZcarbinoZ~.The ( +)and ( -)-o-Tolyl-p-tolylcrbinols.

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Convergent and divergent sequence evolution in the surface envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 within a single infected patient.

Convergent and divergent sequence evolution in the surface envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 within a single infected patient.

How Escherichia coli can bias the results of molecular cloning: Preferential selection of defective genomes of hepatitis C virus during the cloning procedure

Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of 4-Hexanolide and 4-Dodecanolide

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