8: Whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing reveals a vibrant placental microbiome harboring metabolic function

Aagaard, Kjersti M.; Ganu, Radhika; Ma, Jun; Racusin, Diana A.; Arndt, Melanie; Riehle, Kevin; Petrosino, Joseph; Versalovic, James

doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.10.182

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Several microbial species reported in the oral cavity are known to cause intrauterine infection without being found in the urogenital tract [30][31][32]. Surprisingly, a study on microbiomes has demonstrated that microbes found in term placenta are similar to oral rather than vaginal microbes [33]. There are two main hypothetical routes for oral microbes to cause intrauterine infection: either hematogenous dissemination, particularly with periodontal disease [34], or colonization of the vaginal tract with microbes from the oral cavity during receptive oral sex [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative stress levels and oral bacterial milieu in the saliva from pregnant vs. non-pregnant women

et al. 2020

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Background: Saliva plays a significant role in maintaining oral health and oral bacterial milieu. Difference in oxidative stress (OS) levels in saliva in conjunction with bacterial load between pregnant and non-pregnant women has not been studied previously. We hypothesized that the physiological changes in pregnancy alter oral bacterial milieu by promoting growth of Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Lactobacillus (LB), and increase OS in saliva. The aim of this study was to measure and compare the oral bacterial milieu, OS and total anti-oxidative capacity (TAC) in the saliva of pregnant and non-pregnant women. Method: In this cross-sectional study, we assessed oral bacterial milieu by culturing the SM and LB by using commercial kits, TAC by measuring 2, 2′-Azino-Bis-3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging activity spectrophotometrically and OS levels by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) levels with commercial kits in the saliva of pregnant women (n = 38) at 18-20 weeks of gestation, who were compared with age-matching healthy non-pregnant women (n = 50). Results: Streptococcus mutans were found to be more abundant in the saliva of pregnant women compared with non-pregnant women (p = 0.003) but the difference was not significant for the LB (p = 0.267). TAC was found to be 46% lower in pregnant women's saliva compared to non-pregnant women [optical density (OD) measured at 731 nm as 0.118 ± 0.01 vs. 0.063 ± 0.02; p < 0.001]. OS, expressed as saliva MDA levels, was found to be 16% higher in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women (1.07 nM MDA vs. 0.92 nM MDA; p = 0.023). Conclusion: Pregnancy has an adverse impact on oral bacterial milieu as demonstrated by increased colonization with Streptococcus mutans together with higher OS levels and decreased TAC levels in saliva. This emphasizes the importance of improved oral hygiene and provision of oral healthcare services during pregnancy care.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative stress levels and oral bacterial milieu in the saliva from pregnant vs. non-pregnant women

et al. 2020

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“…Extracted DNA was sequenced using the MiSeq Illumina platform (2×250 bp) using primers specific for the V4 region of the 16S rDNA gene (515F, 806R). The resulting sequences were quality filtered, aligned, and assigned taxonomy via pipelines developed in-house (25,42–46). Briefly, read pairs were demultiplexed and merged using USEARCH v7.0.01090.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditional postnatal deletion of the neonatal murine hepatic circadian gene, Npas2, alters the gut microbiome following restricted feeding

O’Neil

Stewart

Chu

et al. 2017

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

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Background We have recently shown in both non-human primates and in rodents that fetal and neonatal hepatic expression of the circadian transcription factor, Npas2, is modulated by a high fat maternal diet and plays a critical role in establishing life-long metabolic homeostasis. Similarly, we and others have also established the importance of the maternal and early postnatal diet on establishment of the early gut microbiome. Objective We hypothesized that altered circadian gene expression solely in the neonatal liver would result in gut microbiome dysbiosis, especially with diet-induced metabolic stress (i.e., restricted feeding). Using a murine model where we conditionally knock out of Npas2 in the neonatal liver, we aimed to determine the role of the circadian machinery in gut dysbiosis with restricted feeding. Design We collected fecal samples from liver Npas2 conditional knock out (cKO; n=11) and wild type (wt: n=13) reproductive-aged mice before (study day 0) and after the restricted feeding study (study day 17). Extracted DNA was sequenced using the MiSeq Illumina platform using primers specific for the V4 region of the 16S rDNA gene. The resulting sequences were quality filtered, aligned, and assigned taxonomy. Principal coordinate analysis was performed on unweighted and weighted UniFrac distances between samples with Permutation ANOVA to assess clustering significance between groups. Microbial taxa that significantly differ between groups of interest was determined using Linear Discriminate Analysis Effect Size and randomForrest. Results Principal coordinate analysis performed on weighted UniFrac distances between male cKO and wt cohorts revealed that the gut microbiome of the mice did not differ by genotype at the start of the restricted feeding study, but did differ by virtue of genotype at the end of the study (p=0.001). Moreover, these differences could be at least partially attributed to restricted feeding-associated alterations in relative abundance of the Bacteroides genus, which has been implicated as crucial to establishing a healthy gut microbiome early in development. Conclusions Here we have provided an initial key insight into the interplay between neonatal establishment of the peripheral circadian clock in the liver and the ability of the gut microbiome to respond to dietary and metabolic stress. As Npas2 expression in the liver is a target of maternal high fat diet induced metabolic perturbations during fetal development, we speculate that these findings have potential implications in the long term metabolic health of their offspring.

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“…Microbial species which were detected in the oral cavity and not in the urogenital tract have been found as causative organisms in intrauterine infection which confers a high risk for preterm birth [90]. More interestingly, the microbiome of 48 term placentae were found to resemble oral microbiome more compared to vaginal microbiome with theory suggesting hematogenous dissemination, especially with underlying periodontal disease, and oral sex may be possible route for such colonization resulting in intrauterine infection [91][92][93]. The prenatal maternal infection which increases the risk of preterm birth inevitably pave the way for ASD occurrence risk in infants born to mothers with the associated conditions which implies a possible but indirect association with the maternal oral microbiome.…”

Section: Oral Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

A Revolutionizing Approach to Autism Spectrum Disorder Using the Microbiome

et al. 2020

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The study of human microbiota and health has emerged as one of the ubiquitous research pursuits in recent decades which certainly warrants the attention of both researchers and clinicians. Many health conditions have been linked to the gut microbiota which is the largest reservoir of microbes in the human body. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the neurodevelopmental disorders which has been extensively explored in relation to gut microbiome. The utilization of microbial knowledge promises a more integrative perspective in understanding this disorder, albeit being an emerging field in research. More interestingly, oral and vaginal microbiomes, indicating possible maternal influence, have equally drawn the attention of researchers to study their potential roles in the etiopathology of ASD. Therefore, this review attempts to integrate the knowledge of microbiome and its significance in relation to ASD including the hypothetical aetiology of ASD and its commonly associated comorbidities. The microbiota-based interventions including diet, prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics, and faecal microbial transplant (FMT) have also been explored in relation to ASD. Of these, diet and probiotics are seemingly promising breakthrough interventions in the context of ASD for lesser known side effects, feasibility and easier administration, although more studies are needed to ascertain the actual clinical efficacy of these interventions. The existing knowledge and research gaps call for a more expanded and resolute research efforts in establishing the relationship between autism and microbiomes.

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8: Whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing reveals a vibrant placental microbiome harboring metabolic function

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Oxidative stress levels and oral bacterial milieu in the saliva from pregnant vs. non-pregnant women

Oxidative stress levels and oral bacterial milieu in the saliva from pregnant vs. non-pregnant women

Conditional postnatal deletion of the neonatal murine hepatic circadian gene, Npas2, alters the gut microbiome following restricted feeding

A Revolutionizing Approach to Autism Spectrum Disorder Using the Microbiome

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