8. Reconstructing the Empire of Cotton: A Global Story

Beckert, Sven; Sinha, Manisha; Eschen, Penny Von

doi:10.7312/sinh14110-009

Cited by 14 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…This process began during the Industrial Revolution when the skills of craftspeople, such as weavers, were roughly replicated by machines, notably mechanical looms (Beckert, 2014). It continued in the 20th century with automation and the first industrial robots, and continues to expand as increased capabilities of robots and artificial intelligence displace more and more human skills.…”

Section: The Drive For Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Animals, Capital and Sustainability

Dietz¹,

York

2015

HER

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Taking serious consideration of the engagement of non-animals in human-society often transforms our understanding of human society. Here we offer insights that come from considering the role of non-human animals in the production of human well-being. Drawing on Braverman's critique of the deskilling of labor, we examine the effects of the drive for efficiency in capitalist production on both humans and non-human animals. Non-human animals provide well-being through their role in ecosystem services, as companions, as objects used as both raw materials and as processors of raw materials, and as labor. The drive for efficiency impacts all four of these roles, especially by reducing the agency of non-human animals. Our analysis suggests several lines for future research, and re-enforces the idea that taking non-human animals seriously can substantially hone thinking in human ecology.

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Section: The Drive For Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Use of violence as a means to control the production of raw materials and goods, and access to markets and trade has been a key feature of capitalism (Beckert, 2014;Lough, 1999). So, in a sense, the logic of violence against animals fits with the historical development of capitalism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animals, Capital and Sustainability

Dietz¹,

York

2015

HER

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“…Yet despite these top-down interventions in agricultural life, each phase of development resulted in new modes of production only after a long and contentious process in which farmers themselves found ways to succeed, or failed to do so, in the new market conditions. By 1857, the enormously productive and brutal American slave economy provided nearly 70% of the cotton spun to clothe the British Empire (Baptist 2014;Beckert 2014). However, the United States was an unreliable trade partner.…”

Section: Three Phases Of Development In the Social Life Of Cottonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The colonial and later postcolonial political economy established a flow of resources and expertise between the United States and India (Beckert 2014;S. Guha 2007;R.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redefining success: the political ecology of genetically modified and organic cotton as solutions to agrarian crisis

Flachs

2016

Journal of Political Ecology

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The transnational spread of law and technology in Indian agricultural development has passed through three distinct phases since the mid-19 th century. In each case, a narrative of agrarian crisis allowed for new state and corporate interventions, conceived by American and British agribusiness, within the existing logics of Indian smallholder agriculture. These begun with colonial British industrial cotton projects in the 1840s, continuing with Green Revolution agriculture, and on contemporary GM and organic cotton farms. In each case, farmers developed strategies through a frictive, contentious adoption of new technologies and built new avenues to success that worked for some farmers and failed for others. In this article I draw on ethnographic fieldwork and household surveys conducted in nine villages from 2012-2014 in Telangana, India. As with previous development initiatives, the US-born legal structures that defined high-tech GM and low-tech organic agriculture were adopted in India without major changes. I argue, however that their actual implementation by farmers has required a significant shift in the ways that people manage the agricultural economy. Keywords: Genetically Modified crops, organic agriculture, development, South India RésuméLa diffusion transnationale de droit et de la technologie dans le développement agricole indien a passé par trois phases distinctes depuis le milieu du 19ème siècle. Dans chaque cas, un récit de la crise agraire a permis de nouvelles interventions de l'Etat et des entreprises, conçu par l'agro-industrie américaine et britannique, dans les logiques existantes de la petite agriculture indienne. Ceux-ci commencé avec des projets de coton industriel britanniques dans les années 1840, la poursuite de la révolution verte, et avec l'utilisation contemporaine des variétés GM et le coton biologique. Dans chaque cas, les agriculteurs ont développé des stratégies grâce à une adoption controversée de nouvelles technologies et construit de nouvelles avenues à succès qui ont travaillé pour certains agriculteurs et échoué pour d'autres. Dans cet article, je tire sur des enquêtes de terrain et des ménages ethnographiques menées dans neuf villages 2012-2014 dans Telangana, en Inde. Comme avec les initiatives de développement antérieures, les structures juridiques des États-Unis qui ont défini de haute technologie (GM) et low-tech (agriculture biologique) ont été adoptées en Inde sans changements majeurs. Je soutiens cependant que leur mise en oeuvre par les agriculteurs a nécessité un changement important dans la façon dont les gens gèrent l'économie agricole. Mots-clés: cultures génétiquement modifiées, l'agriculture biologique, le développement, Inde du Sud ResumenLa difusión transnacional de las leyes y la tecnología en el desarrollo agrícola en India ha tenido tres fases desde la mitad del siglo XIX. En cada caso, una narrativa de crisis agraria permitió nuevas intervenciones estatales y corporativas, concebidas por la industria agraria estadounidense y británica, en la lógi...

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“…One can argue if Industry 4.0 should be seen as revolutionary or evolutionary [5], but it does not change the fact that Industry 4.0 will significantly change the innovation of products, supply chains, business models and business processes. In this framework, many companies have difficulties evaluating and judging the manifold developments and concepts involved under Industry 4.0 to define their own corporate strategies, as very well pointed out by Beckert [6]. Industry 4.0 embraces a set of technologies enabling smart products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controllable Sliding Bearings and Controllable Lubrication Principles—An Overview

Santos

2018

Lubricants

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Hydrodynamic and aerodynamic lubrication regimes in their controllable forms have been intensively investigated over the last two decades. With the aim of reducing friction and improving thermal, static, and dynamic characteristics of radial sliding bearings, different types of electro-mechanical actuators have been coupled to such bearings. Depending on (i) the actuator type; (ii) the actuation principle, i.e., hydraulic, pneumatic, piezoelectric or magnetic among others; and (iii) how such an actuator is coupled to the sliding bearings, different regulation and control actions of fluid film pressure and lubricant flow can be obtained. The most common actions are: (a) the control of the injection pressure to modify the fluid film pressure statically as well as dynamically; (b) the adjustment of the angle and direction of injection flow (mostly passive action); (c) the control of the sliding bearing gap and its preload via moveable and compliant sliding surfaces; and (d) the control of the lubricant viscosity. All four parameters, i.e., pressure, flow (velocity profiles), gap and viscosity, are explicit parameters in the modified form of Reynolds' equations for active lubrication. In this framework, this paper gives one main original contribution to the state-of-the-art of radial sliding bearings and controllable lubrication: a comprehensive overview about the different types of controllable sliding bearings and principles used by several authors. The paper ends with some conclusive remarks about advantages and drawbacks of the different design solutions for controllable sliding bearings and the main challenges to be overcome towards industrial applications.

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8. Reconstructing the Empire of Cotton: A Global Story

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Animals, Capital and Sustainability

Animals, Capital and Sustainability

Redefining success: the political ecology of genetically modified and organic cotton as solutions to agrarian crisis

Controllable Sliding Bearings and Controllable Lubrication Principles—An Overview

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