“…The static, free vibration and crack propagation for detecting the failure behaviours are investigated (Nguyen-Thanh et al, 2018;Li et al, 2020;Huang et al, 2022). Currently, the conventional thin shell theory (Fluegge, 1973;Love, 2013;Tzou and Howard, 1994), which is based on the Kirchhoff-Love hypothesis ignoring transverse shear deformation, is often used to study shell problems (Confalonieri et al, 2015;Kiendl et al, 2009;Zukas, 1974;Zareh and Qian, 2018;Creaghan and Palazotto, 1994), and for shell structures with small shear stiffness (i.e. prone to significant transverse shear deformation), certain errors will be introduced (Hansbo and Larson, 2011;Repin and Sauter, 2010;Weise, 2018;Rychter, 1988).…”