6G: Ubiquitously Extending to the Vast Underwater World of the Oceans

Ma, Yuanliang; Zhang, Qunfei; Wang, Honglei

doi:10.1016/j.eng.2021.07.017

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 16 publications

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“…The oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface and contain valuable resources that support human progress and survival, which is of strategic importance and economic value. Acquiring and communicating marine information has become an essential and valuable aspect of maritime activities due to the rapid development of marine resource exploration and exploitation, fisheries, environmental monitoring, marine scientific research, marine engineering, and the maintenance of maritime rights and interests [1][2][3][4]. Acquiring and communicating marine information in complex marine environments has long been a barrier to progress in marine science and technology in many nations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances and Trends in Channel Codes for Underwater Acoustic Communications

Zhao,

Hao,

Tong

et al. 2023

JMSE

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Due to the simultaneous existence of severe difficulties caused by multi-path, Doppler, and environmental noise caused by underwater acoustic channels, designing a stable and reliable underwater acoustic communication system (UWACS) is a challenging task. In addition to channel estimation and equalization, the technique of channel codes, which is capable of approaching Shannon’s capacity at a low encoding and decoding complexity, offers an efficient and reliable solution to improve the performance of the UWACS and thus draws extensive attention from the research community. By seeking a balance between communication efficiency and channel tolerance via multiple coding rate tuning, it has been recognized that the rate-compatible codes can achieve smooth rate-adaptive transmission under highly diverse underwater acoustic channel states. While there has been a substantial number of investigations on rate-compatible channel codes for the UWACS, in this paper, the research of rate-compatible channel codes has been summarized, reviewed, and compared, mainly focusing on the low-density parity-check (LDPC) and polar codes, which render flexibility in terms of code length and rate. Furthermore, typical research was evaluated and compared from the practical viewpoint of performance under real noise in a shallow water environment. Finally, problems encountered by the LDPC and polar codes for the UWACS were highlighted, and several future research issues were discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances and Trends in Channel Codes for Underwater Acoustic Communications

Zhao,

Hao,

Tong

et al. 2023

JMSE

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Design and realization of directivity adjustable ring transducer

Xu,

He,

Shi

et al. 2024

Applied Acoustics

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SQMCR: Stackelberg Q-Learning-Based Multi-Hop Cooperative Routing Algorithm for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Bin,

Kerong,

Yixue

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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The underwater wireless sensor network (UWSNs) is an important communication facility supporting underwater monitoring applications. However, the transmission channel has the characteristics of high bit error rate, strong multipath effect, and many interference factors, and the network node has the characteristics of high energy consumption, difficult energy supply, and the node position vulnerable to change, which makes it extremely difficult for UWSNs to realize the reliable and efficient packet forwarding. To address the problem, we propose the Stackelberg Q-learning based multi-hop cooperative routing algorithm (SQMCR). The SQMCR builds the transmission routes based on the Q-learning algorithm, considering factors such as the delay, the remaining energy, and the network topology, which improves the rationality and adaptability of selecting the next-hop node. By balancing the packet forwarding benefits and the energy consumption costs based on the Stackelberg Q-learning algorithm, the SQMCR establishes the cooperative communication policy to ensure both the reliability and efficiency of underwater communications. It also adopts initializing Q-values and dynamic exploration probabilities optimization methods to further improve the performance of routing algorithms. Experimental results show that the SQMCR can help UWSNs increase the packet forwarding reliability and prolong the network lifetime by 17%. It has a better environment and application adaptability and is more suitable for underwater high-reliability applications.INDEX TERMS underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), routing algorithm, cooperative communication, Q-learning, Stackelberg game. I. INTRODUCTION U NDERWATER wireless sensor networks are an important part of the construction of the marine Internet of Things [1] and an important part of the underwater direction of the future 6G network [2]. They are widely used in many fields, such as disaster early warning, pollutant monitoring, hydrological data monitoring, marine resource exploration, auxiliary navigation, and as an important infrastructure for studying, building, and developing the ocean [3]. Underwater wireless sensor networks are composed of sensor nodes, communication nodes, and sink nodes [4]. At present, the long distance underwater wireless transmission of data mainly depends on the acoustic channel [5]. The underwater acoustic channel has many problems, such as large transmission delay, limited transmission bandwidth, many interference factors, and serious multipath phenomena [6], [7]. Underwater communication nodes are affected by water flow, and their positions and node relationships change dynamically, their communication energy consumption is high, and the energy supplies for the nodes are difficult [6], [7], [8]. All the unfavorable factors make reliable underwater communication extremely difficult. But the reliable communication is the base of various applications in underwater networks [9]. The reliable communication in underwater wireless sensor networks is reflected not ...

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6G: Ubiquitously Extending to the Vast Underwater World of the Oceans

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

Advances and Trends in Channel Codes for Underwater Acoustic Communications

Advances and Trends in Channel Codes for Underwater Acoustic Communications

Design and realization of directivity adjustable ring transducer

SQMCR: Stackelberg Q-Learning-Based Multi-Hop Cooperative Routing Algorithm for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

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