6G Mobile Networks: Key Technologies, Directions, and Advances

Dangi, Ramraj; Choudhary, Gaurav; Dragoni, Nicola; Lalwani, Praveen; Khare, Utkarsh; Kundu, Souradeep

doi:10.3390/telecom4040037

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 77 publications

(109 reference statements)

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“…The ongoing 5G services [63][64][65][66] and upcoming 6G ecosystem [67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74] will be heavily relying on microwave (MW) and millimeter-wave (mmW) beam steering, for which tunable dielectrics such as liquid crystals (LCs) have been identified as one of the potentially enabling materials for generating continuously variable phase (time) delays electronically to feed antenna arrays passively. As we continue to push the boundaries of mmW technology by exploring its combination possibilities with LCs for efficient reconfigurability, this feasibility study indicates that an LC-based coaxial phase shifter is a promising candidate for expanding the portfolio of existing LC-based reconfigurable devices with an enhanced electromagnetic shielding capability (against instabilities and interference vulnerable at higher-frequency mmW) as well as a simplified manufacturing possibility (lower cost and cycle time).…”

Section: Concluding Remarks and Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Crystal-Filled 60 GHz Coaxially Structured Phase Shifter Design and Simulation with Enhanced Figure of Merit by Novel Permittivity-Dependent Impedance Matching

Li,

2024

Electronics

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This work serves as the first simulation investigation to tackle the liquid crystal (LC)-filled coaxially structured continuously variable phase shifter at 60 GHz, wherein the LCs act as single tunable dielectrics fully occupying the millimeter-wave (mmW) power transmitted (i.e., free of leakage or interference). Impedance and effective dielectric constant computations are settled, followed by the quantification of the interplay between the dielectric thickness and the dielectric constant (Dk) for a controlled 50 Ω impedance. Geometry’s aspect ratio (AR) effects are exploited for the coaxially accommodating topology filled with mmW-tailored LCs with an operatable Dk range of 2.754 (isotropic state) to 3.3 (saturated bias state). In addition to the proposed structure’s noise-free advantages, a novel figure of merit (FoM) enhancement method based on Dk-selection-based impedance matching is proposed. The optimum FoM design by simulation exhibits a 0–180.19° continuously variable phase shift with a maximum insertion loss of 1.75871 dB, i.e., a simulated FoM of 102.46°/dB when the LC-filled coaxial geometry is 50 Ω and matched with the Dk of 2.8, corresponding to the dielectric thickness of 0.34876 mm and line length of 15.92 mm. The envisioned device fabrication and assembly processes are free of the conventional polyimide alignment agent and the related thermal and electrical concerns. Significant cost reduction and yield improvement can hence be envisaged. The topology can also serve as a test structure for broadband characterizations of LC materials and new electro-optical effects.

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Section: Concluding Remarks and Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Crystal-Filled 60 GHz Coaxially Structured Phase Shifter Design and Simulation with Enhanced Figure of Merit by Novel Permittivity-Dependent Impedance Matching

Li,

2024

Electronics

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“…Electronics 2024, 13, 390 2 of 18 However, the rapid evolution of networking technologies [6] (such as distributed computation, cloud computing, network function virtualization, network slicing, and software-defined networks (SDN)) and the need for reliable service provisioning for Internet of Things (IoT), Industry 4.0, and augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR) applications facilitated the need for next generations (NG) of wireless networks (such as beyond 5G (B5G) and sixth generation (6G) networks). Another factor that highlighted the need for B5G/6G networks and drove the start of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardization process [7,8] is the surge in data generation coupled with the user/service requirements for real-time network responses [9]. The overarching goal of B5G/6G networks is to evolve "connected intelligence" by deploying data-aided models across a wide span of tasks, applications, and open systems interconnection (OSI) levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Federated Learning-Based Resource Allocation Scheme for Relaying-Assisted Communications in Multicellular Next Generation Network Topologies

Bartsiokas,

Gkonis,

Kaklamani

et al. 2024

Electronics

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Growing and diverse user needs, along with the need for continuous access with minimal delay in densely populated machine-type networks, have led to a significant overhaul of modern mobile communication systems. Within this realm, the integration of advanced physical layer techniques such as relaying-assisted transmission in beyond fifth-generation (B5G) networks aims to not only enhance network performance but also extend coverage across multicellular orientations. However, in cellular environments, the increased interference levels and the complex channel representations introduce a notable rise in the computational complexity associated with radio resource management (RRM) tasks. Machine and deep learning (ML/DL) have been proposed as an efficient way to support the enhanced user demands in densely populated environments since ML/DL models can relax the traffic load that is associated with RRM tasks. There is, however, in these solutions the need for distributed execution of training tasks to accelerate the decision-making process in RRM tasks. For this purpose, federated learning (FL) schemes are considered a promising field of research for next-generation (NG) networks’ RRM. This paper proposes an FL approach to tackle the joint relay node (RN) selection and resource allocation problem subject to power management constraints when in B5G networks. The optimization objective of this approach is to jointly elevate energy (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE) levels. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated for various relaying-assisted transmission topologies and through comparison with other state-of-the-art ones (both ML and non-ML). In particular, the total system energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE) can be improved by up to approximately 10–20% compared to a state-of-the-art centralized ML scheme. Moreover, achieved accuracy can be improved by up to 10% compared to state-of-the-art non-ML solutions, while training time is reduced by approximately 50%.

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“…Three major use cases are generally adopted in fifth generation (5G) cellular networks: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) [1]. In addition to these use cases, there is a global trend in the sixth generation (6G) to add a humanitarian aspect that consists of providing basic internet access for all, thus reducing the digital divide [1][2][3][4]. The main targets for basic internet access are remote rural and underprivileged areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Encryption for Securing and Tracking Goods Delivery by Multipurpose Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Rural Areas Using Cipher Block Chaining and Physical Layer Security

Yaacoub,

Abualsaud,

Mahmoud

2024

Drones

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This paper investigated the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for the delivery of critical goods to remote areas in the absence of network connectivity. Under such conditions, it is important to track the delivery process and record the transactions in a delay-tolerant fashion so that this information can be recovered after the UAV’s return to base. We propose a novel framework that combines the strengths of cipher block chaining, physical layer security, and symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques in order to safely encrypt the transaction logs of remote delivery operations. The proposed approach is shown to provide high security levels, making the keys undetectable, in addition to being robust to attacks. Thus, it is very useful in drone systems used for logistics and autonomous goods delivery to multiple destinations. This is particularly important in health applications, e.g., for vaccine transmissions, or in relief and rescue operations.

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6G Mobile Networks: Key Technologies, Directions, and Advances

Cited by 6 publications

References 77 publications

Liquid Crystal-Filled 60 GHz Coaxially Structured Phase Shifter Design and Simulation with Enhanced Figure of Merit by Novel Permittivity-Dependent Impedance Matching

Liquid Crystal-Filled 60 GHz Coaxially Structured Phase Shifter Design and Simulation with Enhanced Figure of Merit by Novel Permittivity-Dependent Impedance Matching

A Federated Learning-Based Resource Allocation Scheme for Relaying-Assisted Communications in Multicellular Next Generation Network Topologies

Hybrid Encryption for Securing and Tracking Goods Delivery by Multipurpose Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Rural Areas Using Cipher Block Chaining and Physical Layer Security

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