67‐1: Full‐Color Electrophoretic Displays with Improved Update Time

Telfer, Stephen J.; Chen, W. T.; McCreary, Michael D.

doi:10.1002/sdtp.14857

Cited by 9 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…For a fair comparison with the Kaleido display for eReader applications, the ACeP display was driven with the waveforms for fast switching developed for eReader applications (<1 s update time), not those with long update times of >10 s developed for high-gamut signage applications. 3 In addition, gamut volumes are also calculated from a small set of measured colors, at a minimum the eight corner colors of the RGB cube. This minimal set of eight measured colors was interpolated to 602 colors, using a power law to estimate their intensities on the tone curve.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The quest for color eReaders has recently resulted in two commercialized electrophoretic technology platforms: E Ink Kaleido™ using a color filter array (CFA) on a black and white (B&W) backplane 1 and ACeP ® (Advanced Color ePaper) using a white and three color pigments. 2,3 In both color technologies, the light-reflecting layer of white pigment particles with Lambertian scatter characteristics gives the display a paper-like appearance and permits a wide range of viewing directions. Color requires spectrally selective modulation of reflected light, for example, by CFA or color pigments.…”

Section: Objective and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simplified waveforms contributed to faster switching. 3 Information displayed on EPD is only visible when incident light is available. Inadequate incident light will affect readability.…”

Section: Objective and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to MacAdam, the gamut of surface colors is bounded by colors of "of ever greater purity without the sacrifice of brightness." 22 In the CIELAB color space, this represents the 3D space within the envelope colors of greatest chroma C* at each lightness L* and hue angle h. 23,24 The volume enclosed within this envelope is reported as a single number in units of ΔE 3 . The CIELAB color gamut volume indicates the range of colors a display can produce.…”

Section: Cielab Gamut Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

“…F I G U R E 2 (A) Cross section of pigment arrangements in the electrophoretic layer and (B) top view of an ACeP display for each of the basic eight palette colors 3 It is necessary to measure the relative brightness of colors, in addition to their chromaticity, in order to adequately evaluate the color capability of a display. A reflective display that can reflect a higher proportion of the ambient light will be capable of displaying brighter and more saturated colors.…”

Section: Objective and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Gamut rings of reflective ePaper displays with combined frontlight and ambient illumination

Hertel¹,

Bouchard²,

Kruse³

et al. 2022

J Soc Info Display

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Gamut rings are two‐dimensional representations of three‐dimensional CIELAB color gamut volumes. Recently developed for visualizing gamut volumes of self‐luminant (emissive) displays in darkroom conditions, they can also be applied to reflective displays with integrated frontlighting. Frontlights provide illumination in low light conditions and also compensate for optical losses when reflecting ambient light. Since the frontlight is essentially fixed compared to the ambient illumination, this mode of operation is effectively “emissive.” Perceived CIELAB colors of reflective displays with frontlights can thus be treated as superposition of the spectral radiance from the “emissive” contribution and the reflected spectral radiance from ambient illumination. The CIELAB calculation will depend on whether the “emissive” or reflective mode is dominant for a given ambient illumination. CIELAB gamut ring diagrams of electrophoretic color ePaper were determined from laboratory measurements of the displays' “emissive” and reflective spectral characteristics, combined with specifications of realistic ambient indoor and outdoor viewing environments. Gamut ring diagrams demonstrate the benefit of color pigments instead of color filter arrays in both self‐luminant and reflective display modes. Interpolation of envelope colors from display primaries, commonly used in emissive displays, underestimate gamut volumes of color ePaper because reflective display primaries are not additive but subtractive.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Objective and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simplified waveforms contributed to faster switching. 3 Information displayed on EPD is only visible when incident light is available. Inadequate incident light will affect readability.…”

Section: Objective and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cielab Gamut Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Objective and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Gamut rings of reflective ePaper displays with combined frontlight and ambient illumination

Hertel¹,

Bouchard²,

Kruse³

et al. 2022

J Soc Info Display

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Color Tuning Using Scanning Optical Tweezers

Yao,

Yuan,

Yang

et al. 2023

Advanced Photonics Research

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Color tuning plays an increasingly vital role in daily life, including painting, printing, decoration, and animation display. Among many nonemissive color tuning technologies with low‐cost and low‐energy consumption, direct color mixing is simpler without fine and complex display structural designs or specific synthetic materials. Nevertheless, it yet faces an enormous challenge in precise color tuning due to high requirement for integrating dyes in a designable way. Herein, a scanning optical tweezers‐based color mixing method is proposed for precise color tuning. Water/oil‐soluble dye microdroplets with different sizes and colors can be stably captured and then rapidly fused by setting and exerting different trajectories of optical traps under optical tweezers. Thus, the color hue, saturation, and value of the mixed microdroplet can be accurately tuned. Besides, this is further applied to the optical assembly of colorful patterns in a programmable manner. The proposed method is more effective in harvesting pure color and high color quality without introducing exogenous materials contaminating the sample during the manipulation process, which is believed to have potential applications in liquid animation, human–robot interactive painting, and color sensing.

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Comparison of oxidative stress response of in vitro retinal cells exposed to blue light from emissive versus reflective displays

Wang

Hertel²,

Garone³

et al. 2023

J Soc Info Display

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During COVID-19, there was increased use of handheld displays in educational settings. There is growing concern that eye health may be affected by prolonged exposure to the light-emitting diodes used as frontlights or backlights in handheld displays. The potential impact of light exposure from tabletsized devices with different display technologies and various spectral outputs was assessed in an in vitro model using human retinal epithelial (ARPE-19) cells. Cellular response was quantified by measuring reactive oxidative species (ROS) and by analyzing mitochondrial morphology. Control experiments established a baseline ROS response to hazardous blue light exposure and also that red light resulted in no detectable ROS response. Under identical conditions, ROS response increased with time for all devices. However, different device spectra caused ROS to accumulate at different rates. When operating the devices in the same mode (day or night), cells accumulated ROS two to three times more slowly on exposure to frontlit electronic paper displays compared to backlit liquid crystal displays. With increasing ROS accumulation, mitochondrial morphology shifted from elongate interconnected features typically observed under normal conditions to rounded disconnected features associated with oxidative stress response.

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67‐1: Full‐Color Electrophoretic Displays with Improved Update Time

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

Gamut rings of reflective ePaper displays with combined frontlight and ambient illumination

Gamut rings of reflective ePaper displays with combined frontlight and ambient illumination

Color Tuning Using Scanning Optical Tweezers

Comparison of oxidative stress response of in vitro retinal cells exposed to blue light from emissive versus reflective displays

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