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Nutritional effects of food processing

“…For example, Noel & Robberstad (1963) found that orange juice stored at 40°F lost 5-30y0 of the vitamin C in 16 days, while apple juice lost 50% in 4-8 days and 95% in 16 days. Pelletier & Morrison (1965) reported so great a lability of vitamin C in a number of orange-flavoured drinks (as distinct from natural fruit juices) that they stated that many fruit drinks on the market in Canada are unsatisfactory and not under proper control. Thirteen out of twenty liquid preparations examined were below label potency and the vitamin content fell rapidly when they were opened.…”

Multi-Disciplinary North-South Collaboration in Participatory Action Research on Food Value Chains: a German-Tanzanian Case Study on Perceptions, Experiences and Challenges

“…In our study, the number of 31 respondents out of 39 project members who were involved with the PAR activities was considered to be statistically sufficient to derive conclusions (Graef et al 2017;Schindler et al 2016). The eight features of guidance and/or instructions that were provided by the coordinators (Table 1, upper part), the eight indicators that were assessed by the involved project members (Table 1, lower part), and the categorized narratives (Figure 3) quantitatively depict most of the characteristics, effort, complexities, and perceptions that were experienced by the participants while they conducted PAR in such a large and complex multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural project (Dant 2004;Hofstede 2018;Pelletier et al 1999;Popescu et al 2014, Prowse 2010Zscheischler et al 2014). Those findings were supported by the qualitative single narratives.…”

“…The first six steps leading to the decision on what UPS to implement were performed by local stakeholders and took 18 months, which was longer than expected. Therefore, these steps were perceived to be major bottlenecks that required exceptional patience and flexibility among the involved institutions because they entailed various institutional-administrative impediments for the involved staff (Pelletier et al 1999).…”

“…However, a number of large-scale PAR projects or programmes have been successfully conducted. These projects were primarily carried out in the Northern context, for instance, on community food security (Pelletier et al 1999) or regional workplace development (Gustavsen 2006). Other large-scale studies, for instance, those conducted by Waddel et al (2015) and Waddel (2018), investigated large systems' (regional to global) societal changes and their driving forces, typologies, and supporting activities across disciplines.…”

“…2008) and on the dynamics of North-South collaboration (Cooke and Kothari 2001; Ochieng and Price 2010), we chose to implement a critical self-evaluation (Čagran and Grmek 2013). Furthermore, we aimed to anchor the findings and learn from alternative, possibly more effective and successful, large-scale approaches (Gustavsen 2006;Gustavsen et al 2007;Pelletier et al 1999;Waddel et al 2015). Methodologically, we chose to analyse and systematically evaluate both qualitatively and quantitatively the scientists' perceived needs for instructions and communication, their satisfaction, and the number of conflicts that they experienced after carrying out specific PAR activities.…”