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Abstract

Murine myoblast cell lines stably transfected with expression vectors containing homeobox Msx1 cDNA in sense (F31-c) or antisense (F3R1) orientation have contrasting phenotypes. F3R1 cells readily differentiate in medium containing low serum whereas F31-c cells fail to differentiate under these conditions. The mechanism by which exogenous overexpression of Msx1 leads to the altered phenotype of F31-c cells and the downstream targets of Msx1 are unknown. Using the method of differential display, we have identified four cDNAs that represent transcripts up-regulated in F31-c. Two of these cDNAs are homologous to ribosomal proteins S23 and S24 while the third has homology to sequences in the murine Tcp-1 gene. A fourth cDNA does not have appreciable homology to cDNA sequences deposited in the NIH GenBank. Since withdrawal from the cell cycle and enhanced expression of MyoD commonly precede differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes, we also examined regulation of the major cell cycle proteins as well as MyoD by Western blot analysis. We show that the levels of Cdks 2, 4 and 6, cyclins A and D, and the Cdk inhibitor p27 in both proliferating and serum-starved F31-c cells were similar to those in F3R1. Finally, although MyoD protein levels increased in both cell types after 72 h incubation in serum depleted medium, the levels of MyoD in serum-starved F31-c cells were 2-4 fold lower. We postulate that the reduced amount of MyoD is sufficient to permit reversible withdrawal of F31-c cells from the cell cycle, but is inadequate to permit myogenesis.

Smad4 and β-Catenin Co-activators Functionally Interact with Lymphoid-enhancing Factor to Regulate Graded Expression of Msx2

“…Recent studies in the avian system indicate that Msx2 expression inhibits chondrogenic differentiation of the migratory cranial neural crest cells (20). The role of Msx genes in maintaining undifferentiated cells has also been well established in myoblasts (21,22), and overexpression of Msx-1 in myotube cells triggers their de-differentiation into multipotent stem cells (23). Consistent with their role in modulating cell fate, BMP2/4 are potent neural inhibitors.…”