“…Hence, these values degrade the gain, directivity, and radiation efficiency (i.e. performance) of AoC and thus make CMOS substrate a lossy one for AoC design [1], [2], [14], [15], [17], [20]- [22], [24], [25], [29], [31], [32], [35], [42], [47]. This, thus, dictates the need for innovative performance-issues-mitigation-techniques for AoCs.…”