6. The sensory world of formula-fed infants: differences among artificial milk feedings in flavor learning and satiation

Mennella, Julie A.; Trabulsi, Jillian; Inamdar, Loma

doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-223-8_6

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Our findings are clinically meaningful because CMF accounts for the vast majority of infant formula sales in America (2) and the infants who are fed breast milk substitutes, like the participants in this RCT, are more likely to be black Americans (32), who are at particular risk of later obesity (33). Research is needed to determine the mechanisms by which diet composition and rapid weight gain during sensitive periods of development (1,12) program risks for later diseases (28)(29)(30)(31).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Nor can the group differences be attributed to the taste or aroma of the formulas. Infants were introduced to EHF at age 0.75 mo, which is during the early sensitive period of taste acceptance (1). During each of the 14 monthly compliance checks, they were fed their assigned formulas to satiation and were perceived by their mothers as enjoying the taste of the formula.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, while total protein concentration of CMF is lower than EHF, both are higher than that found in mature breast milk (5). Such compositional differences between these 2 types of formulas provide an experimental model system to study the impact of early diet on flavor preferences, satiation, development, and growth (1,6,7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The infant diet is unique in that it typically consists of a sole source of nutrition-breast milk or breast-milk substitutes (hereafter referred to as infant formulas). However, formulafed infants should not be treated as a homogeneous group because infant formulas can differ in macronutrient composition and such compositional differences impact flavor, satiation, and trajectories of weight gain in the infants who are fed them (1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Type of infant formula increases early weight gain and impacts energy balance: a randomized controlled trial

Mennella

Inamdar

Pressman

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background Millions of infants are fed breast milk substitutes, and the type of infant formula can impact weight gain patterns. Objective We conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine the direct impact of 2 types of infant formula (cow milk formula, CMF; extensively protein hydrolyzed formula, EHF) on growth and energy balance. Design A racially diverse group of formula-fed infants (n = 113) were randomly assigned to either CMF or EHF from the age of 0.75 to 12.5 mo. At each monthly visit, anthropometric measures were obtained to determine growth z scores and weight gain velocity, and to categorize early weight gain patterns as rapid or nonrapid. Also, diet records were collected to determine energy from formula and other sources. Comprehensive assessments of energy balance (intake, expenditure, loss) were made at 0.75, 3.5, and 12.5 mo. Results Beginning 3 wk after randomization, CMF infants had significantly higher weight, but not length, z scores than did EHF infants, and this persisted after solid foods complemented the formula diet. On average, weight gain velocity from 0.75 to 4.5 mo was within the range of typically growing infants for both groups, yet velocity was 3.9 g/d greater for CMF infants (P = 0.002), who were more likely to be classified as an early rapid weight gainer, than EHF infants (46% compared with 18%; P = 0.007). Early differences in energy intake and fecal loss, yielding greater energy available for deposition among CMF infants, contributed to the differential weight gain patterns. There were no significant differences between the formula treatment groups in total energy expenditure or sleeping energy expenditure. Conclusions Among healthy infants, the type of formula impacted on early rapid weight gain patterns owing to energy intake and loss mechanisms. Research is needed to identify the macronutrients and other compositional constituents in EHF and breast milk that promote satiation and healthy weight gain during sensitive periods of development. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as: NCT01700205.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Type of infant formula increases early weight gain and impacts energy balance: a randomized controlled trial

Mennella

Inamdar

Pressman

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…Before their first taste of foods, they learn, like other animals, what their mother's diet “tastes like” since dietary flavors are transmitted to amniotic fluid and then mother's milk ( 42 ). These multiple routes of flavor learning suggest that there is redundancy of dietary information, providing complementary routes for the young to learn about the types of safe foods available in the environment before they themselves begin to eat (or forage on) foods ( 43 , 44 ). Mothers eating diets rich in healthy foods transmit these flavors to amniotic fluid and mother's milk—when you feed a mother, you feed a child.…”

Section: Key Biological Inputs Of Appetite Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological control of appetite: A daunting complexity

MacLean

Blundell

Mennella

et al. 2017

Obesity

107

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ObjectiveThis review summarizes a portion of the discussions of an NIH Workshop (Bethesda, MD, 2015) entitled, “Self-Regulation of Appetite, It's Complicated,” which focused on the biological aspects of appetite regulation.MethodsHere we summarize the key biological inputs of appetite regulation and their implications for body weight regulation.ResultsThese discussions offer an update of the long-held, rigid perspective of an “adipocentric” biological control, taking a broader view that also includes important inputs from the digestive tract, from lean mass, and from the chemical sensory systems underlying taste and smell. We are only beginning to understand how these biological systems are integrated and how this integrated input influences appetite and food eating behaviors. The relevance of these biological inputs was discussed primarily in the context of obesity and the problem of weight regain, touching on topics related to the biological predisposition for obesity and the impact that obesity treatments (dieting, exercise, bariatric surgery, etc.) might have on appetite and weight loss maintenance. Finally, we consider a common theme that pervaded the workshop discussions, which was individual variability.ConclusionsIt is this individual variability in the predisposition for obesity and in the biological response to weight loss that makes the biological component of appetite regulation so complicated. When this individual biological variability is placed in the context of the diverse environmental and behavioral pressures that also influence food eating behaviors, it is easy to appreciate the daunting complexities that arise with the self-regulation of appetite.

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Umami Taste: Inborn and Experiential Effects on Taste Acceptance and Satiation During Infancy

Gabriel,

Mennella

2023

Food and Health

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From an early age, humans can detect the umami taste sensation of the free amino acid glutamate, as evidenced by the facial expressions of pleasure displayed by newborns. This chapter briefly reviews the biology of umami flavor and summarizes the earliest routes of exposure to free amino acids in amniotic fluid, human milk, and infant formula, highlighting how exposure to free glutamate, and umami tastes, varies from gestation to postnatal feedings and from infant to infant. It then summarizes scientific evidence revealing that during infancy, the amount of free glutamate ingested impacts satiation and growth during milk feedings, as well as the development of preferences for similarly flavored foods. The study of umami as a basic taste during infancy and childhood has been neglected compared to other basic tastes, and gaps in knowledge are highlighted.

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6. The sensory world of formula-fed infants: differences among artificial milk feedings in flavor learning and satiation

Cited by 4 publications

References 60 publications

Type of infant formula increases early weight gain and impacts energy balance: a randomized controlled trial

Type of infant formula increases early weight gain and impacts energy balance: a randomized controlled trial

Biological control of appetite: A daunting complexity

Umami Taste: Inborn and Experiential Effects on Taste Acceptance and Satiation During Infancy

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