The role of chemokines in immune function is clearly established. Recent evidence suggests that these molecules also play an important role in the CNS as modulators of neuronal activity. The chemokine CXCL12 has been identified in several regions of the adult rat brain including the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and caudate putamen. CXCR4, a receptor activated by CXCL12, is expressed by dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The present study tested the effects of intracranial injections of CXCL12 on cocaine-induced locomotion and stereotypic activity in adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Results demonstrate that intracerebroventricular administration of CXCL12 (25 ng/4 μl) 15 minutes prior to cocaine (20 mg/kg IP) produced a significant potentiation of both ambulatory and stereotypic activity as compared to cocaine alone. The effects of CXCL12 were blocked by administration of the selective CXCR4 antagonist, AMD 3100. Administration of CXCL12 into specific brain regions was performed to further understand the site of action of CXCL12. Bilateral administration of CXCL12 (25 ng/0.5 μl) into the ventral tegmental area 15 minutes prior to cocaine (20 mg/kg IP) significantly potentiated cocaine-induced ambulatory activity, whereas microinjections of CXCL12 into the caudate putamen selectively increased stereotypy. Conversely, administration of CXCL12 into the lateral shell of the nucleus accumbens resulted in an inhibition of cocaine-stimulated ambulatory activity. No alterations in ambulatory or stereotypic activity were observed following CXCL12 administration into the core of the nucleus accumbens. These results demonstrate that CXCL12 can modulate the behavioral effects produced by cocaine in a brain region-specific manner. Keywords chemokine; psychostimulant; CXCR4; dopamine; mesolimbic; nigrostriatal Chemokines are defined as small (8-14 kDa) chemoattractant cytokines involved in a variety of developmental and pathological conditions. Recent reports propose that endogenous chemokines within the brain act in conjunction with neurotransmitters to modulate brain functions (Adler et al. 2005). The chemokines themselves have been hypothesized to act as Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Adler et al. 2005;Burbassi et al. 2008).
NIH Public AccessCXCL12, formerly known as stromal cell derived factor one alpha (SDF-1α), is a CXC category chemokine secreted by bone marrow stromal cells as well as populations of neuronal and nonneuronal cells within the adult rat brain (Stumm et al. 2002). CXCL12 is involved in embryogenesis, cell migration an...