6-Gingerol Inhibits Growth of Colon Cancer Cell LoVo via Induction of G2/M Arrest

Abstract

6-Gingerol, a natural component of ginger, has been widely reported to possess antiinflammatory and antitumorigenic activities. Despite its potential efficacy against cancer, the anti-tumor mechanisms of 6-gingerol are complicated and remain sketchy. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the anti-tumor effects of 6-gingerol on colon cancer cells. Our results revealed that 6-gingerol treatment significantly reduced the cell viability of human colon cancer cell, LoVo, in a dose-dependent manner. Further flow cytometric analysis showed that 6-gingerol induced significant G2/M phase arrest and had slight influence on sub-G1 phase in LoVo cells. Therefore, levels of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and their regulatory proteins involved in S-G2/M transition were investigated. Our findings revealed that levels of cyclin A, cyclin B1, and CDK1 were diminished; in contrast, levels of the negative cell cycle regulators p27Kip1 and p21Cip1 were increased in response to 6-gingerol treatment. In addition, 6-gingerol treatment elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation level of p53. These findings indicate that exposure of 6-gingerol may induce intracellular ROS and upregulate p53, p27Kip1, and p21Cip1 levels leading to consequent decrease of CDK1, cyclin A, and cyclin B1 as result of cell cycle arrest in LoVo cells. It would be suggested that 6-gingerol should be beneficial to treatment of colon cancer.

[10]-Gingerol induces mitochondrial apoptosis through activation of MAPK pathway in HCT116 human colon cancer cells

“…It has been reported that ginger supplementation inhibits carcinogenesis in a rat model of colon cancer, with a mechanism which is thought to involve oxidative optimization (Manju and Nalini 2010). Also, it has been shown that [6]-gingerol induced colon cancer cell death via apoptosis (Lin et al 2012).…”

“…The present study demonstrated that [10]-gingerol treated with HCT116 cells was confirmed by observations of sub-G1 DNA accumulation, whereas the G1 phase was decreased and G2/M phase was not changed, leading to apoptosis. A previous study has shown the induction of apoptosis by [6]-gingerol on the colon cancer cell line LoVo via G2/M arrest (Lin et al 2012). To clarify the extent of apoptotic cells, HCT116 cells were subsequently subjected to staining with Annexin V and PI double staining, and were analyzed by flow cytometry analysis.…”

6-Gingerol inhibits osteosarcoma cell proliferation through apoptosis and AMPK activation

“…Cell cycle arrest has been reported to contribute to inhibited proliferation of cancer cells in the presence of 6-gingerol [13,14]. It was hypothesized that cell cycle arrest plays a role in the 6-gingerol-induced inhibition of growth of osteosarcoma cells.…”

Experimental immunology The effect of multi-component herbal remedy PERVIVO on cellular immunity and tumor angiogenesis in mice

“…6-Gingerol, a natural component of ginger, has been reported to possess antiinflammatory and antitumorigenic activities. It was shown, that this compound inhibited growth of colon cancer cells via induction of G2/M arrest [16]. The second active component of ginger, 6-Shogaol, induced apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells [17].…”