[6]‐Gingerol Ameliorates ISO‐Induced Myocardial Fibrosis by Reducing Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis through Inhibition of TLR4/MAPKs/NF‐κB Pathway

Abstract

Scope [6]‐Gingerol is one of the primary pungent constituents of ginger. While [6]‐gingerol has many pharmacological effects, its benefits for myocardial fibrosis, including its exact role and underlying mechanisms, remain largely unexplored. The present study is designed to characterize the cardio‐protective effects of [6]‐gingerol in myocardial fibrosis mice and possible underlying mechanisms. Methods and results Mice are subcutaneously injected with isoproterenol (ISO, 10 mg kg−1) and gavaged with [6]‐gingerol (10, 20 mg kg−1 day−1) for 14 days. Pathological alterations, fibrosis, oxidative stress, inflammation response, and apoptosis are examined. In ISO‐induced myocardial fibrosis, [6]‐gingerol treatment decreases the J‐point, heart rate, cardiac weight index, left ventricle weight index, creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase serum levels, calcium concentration, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and increases levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and GSH/GSSG. Further, [6]‐gingerol improved ISO‐induced morphological pathologies, inhibited inflammation and apoptosis, and suppressed the toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR4)/mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) signaling pathways. Conclusion The protective effect of [6]‐gingerol in mice with ISO‐induced myocardial fibrosis may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, potentially through the TLR4/MAPKs/NF‐κB signaling pathway.

Stimulation of calcium influx and CK1α by NF‐κB antagonist [6]‐Gingerol reprograms red blood cell longevity

“…A similar behavior was noted for taurolidine (Fink et al., 2018), which also mirrors the lack of oxidative stress observed in the current study (Figure 6). This is in congruence with the antioxidant activity of GNG observed in rodents (Han et al., 2020; Hegazy et al., 2016), but contradicts the oxidative damage seen in cancer cells (Lin et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2010). It seems likely that GNG may exhibit differential interaction dynamics with the antioxidant system in normal and cancer cells in both rodent and man.…”

8-Gingerol Ameliorates Myocardial Fibrosis by Attenuating Reactive Oxygen Species, Apoptosis, and Autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway

“…Under normal physiological conditions, the synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the normal heart maintains a dynamic balance ( Ma et al, 2018 ; Han et al, 2020 ). Previous study demonstrated that an imbalance between ECM synthesis and degradation may induce MF ( Zhang et al, 2017b ).…”

Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens: A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology

“…With the increase of extract concentration, the inhibition zone increased. When the concentration of the extract was 100 μ g/mL, Klebsiella pneumonia showed the highest susceptibility (29.04 ± 0.35 mm), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli , and Salmonella typhi , while Staphylococcus aureus had the least inhibition zone [ 33 ]. Different concentration of ZEE had different degrees of antibacterial effect, and the most antibacterial effect was at 75% ethanol solution.…”