6-Gingerol, a Major Ingredient of Ginger Attenuates Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Liver Injury in Rats through the Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Abstract

Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) is a well-known hepatocarcinogen, and its oral administration causes severe liver damage including cancer. DEN induces the pathogenesis of the liver through reactive oxygen species mediated inflammation and modulation of various biological activities. 6-Gingerol, a major component of ginger, is reported to prevent liver diseases by reducing the oxidative stress and proinflammatory mediators. The present study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of 6-gingerol through the measurement of oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory markers, liver function enzyme parameter, and histopathological analysis. The rats were randomly divided into four groups as the control, DEN treated (50 mg/kg b.w.), DEN+6-gingerol (each 50 mg/kg b.w.), and 6-gingerol only. To evaluate the hepatoprotective effects, liver function enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), oxidative stress markers (SOD, GSH, GST, and TAC), lipid peroxidation, inflammatory markers (CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and ICAM1), haematoxylin and eosin staining, Sirius red staining, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy were performed. The results showed a significant increase in liver function enzymes, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in the DEN-treated group as compared to the control group. Besides this, altered architecture of hepatocytes (infiltration of inflammatory cells, congestion, blood vessel dilation, and edema), abundant collagen fiber and organelle structures like distorted shaped and swollen mitochondria, and broken endoplasmic reticulum were noticed. The administration of 6-gingerol significantly ameliorated the biochemical and histopathological changes. The increased expression of TNF-α protein was noticed in the DEN-treated group whereas the administration of 6-gingerol significantly decreased the expression of this protein. Based on these findings, it can be suggested that 6-gingerol may be an alternative therapy for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases.

6-Gingerol, a Bioactive Compound of Ginger Attenuates Renal Damage in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats by Regulating the Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

“…Some previous reports also support that gingerol significantly down-regulated the blood glucose level, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen level in a dose-dependent fashion [35]. Moreover, gingerol role as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory has been proven [38].…”

“…Taken together, the above results indicated that 6-gingerol treatment ameliorated diabetes-induced inflammatory reaction in kidneys of diabetic rats. Moreover, a previous study reported that gingerol plays a significant role in improving the condition of renal tissue by alteration in p38MAPK and NF-κB activity, and control inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress [38].…”

Amelioration of oxidative stress by trans-Anethole via modulating phase I and phase II enzymes against hepatic damage induced by CCl4 in male Wistar rats

“…Glutathione-S-Transferase performs a crucial function in the detoxi cation of many endogenous and xenobiotic compounds (51). In a report, it was revealed that 6-gingerol recovered the activities of GST, SOD, and GSH in diethylnitrosamine (DEN) intoxicated in adult male albino rats (52).…”

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Tamarix articulata leaf extract: an effective approach for attenuation of oxidative stress mediated diseases

“…The ability to scavenge 1,1 difenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) was determined according to our previously published articles with minor modifications. [22,28,29] A 2.5 ml of various dilutions of T-AgNps or extract (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 μg/ml) prepared in methanol was mixed with 1 ml of 0.3 mM methanolic solution of DPPH. After 30 min incubation in darkness and at room temperature, the resultant absorbance was recorded at 517 nm against methanol as a blank.…”