6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonate aerobic biotransformation in activated sludge of waste water treatment plants

Wang, Ning; Liu, Jinxia; Buck, Robert C.; Korzeniowski, Stephen H.; Wolstenholme, Barry W.; Folsom, Patrick W.; Sulecki, Lisa M.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.003

Cited by 253 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) methods, initially established for the determination of PFCAs in environmental matrices, were widely adapted in soil, sediment and activated sludge-incubation systems [26,[35][36][37]45]. Specifically, solid samples were first soaked in an organic solvent (methanol, acetonitrile, or methyl tert-butyl ether), then constantly shaken at 150-200 rpm for from several hours up to 5 days and then centrifuged to obtain supernatant.…”

Section: Sample-extraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The selectivity is not influenced by the presence of organic solvents, such as methanol, acetonitrile and MTBE, which made the purification procedure easily coupled to both DSPE and IPE methods, as mentioned in sub-section 2.2. The protocol was simple and robust for quantitative recovery of fluorotelomers-and EtFOSE-based precursors and transformation products [29,30,[35][36][37]. Zhang et al [46] demonstrated low matrix effects for PFCAs (C5-C10), PFSAs (C4,6,8), FOSAs and FOSAAs in the range -13% to +24% in digested sewage-sludge extract using the Envi-Carb clean-up procedure.…”

Section: Sample Concentration and Clean-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Methodology for studying biotransformation of polyfluoroalkyl precursors in the environment

Ruan

Lin

Wang

et al. 2015

TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry

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A B S T R A C TBiotransformation of polyfluoroalkyl precursors contributes in part to the perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and sulfonates detected in the global environment and biota. Robust sample preparation and sensitive analytical techniques for maximum analyte recovery are essential to identify and to quantify biotransformation products often present at low levels in environmental matrices and experimental systems. This critical review covers current sample-preparation and analytical methods, including extraction, concentration, clean-up and derivatization, mass spectrometry coupled to gas or liquid chromatography, and radioisotope labeling and tracking techniques. We also critically review methodologies for molecular structural elucidation and in-silico prediction of potential transformation products. We describe current knowledge gaps and challenges in studying novel alternative polyfluoroalkyl substances. We discuss future trends on utilizing advanced analytical techniques.

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Section: Sample-extraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Concentration and Clean-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodology for studying biotransformation of polyfluoroalkyl precursors in the environment

Ruan

Lin

Wang

et al. 2015

TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry

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“…Surprisingly, PFHxA was the predominant PFAS in the DPF1B wastewater, whereas its use was not declared by the manager of the F1 facility. Even though PFHxA is known as an end-stage metabolite of 6:2 FTSA (Wang et al 2011), its presence in DPF1B wastewater needs to be screened elsewhere and particularly in the F2 facility discharge.…”

Section: Discharges Of F1 Facilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of two fluoropolymer manufacturing facilities on downstream contamination of a river and drinking water resources with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances

Bach¹,

Boiteux²,

Colin³

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are emerging contaminants that have been detected in the environment, biota, and humans. Drinking water is a route of exposure for populations consuming water contaminated by PFAS discharges. This research study reports environmental measurement concentrations, mass flows, and the fate of dozens of PFASs in a river receiving effluents from two fluoropolymer manufacturing facilities. In addition to quantified levels of PFASs using LC-and GC-MS analytical methods, the total amount of unidentified PFASs and precursors was assessed using two complementary analytical methods, absorbable organic fluorine (AOF) determination and oxidative conversion of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) precursors. Several dozen samples were collected in the river (water and sediment) during four sampling campaigns. In addition, samples were collected in two well fields and from the outlet of the drinking water treatment plants after chlorination. We estimated that 4295 kg PFHxA, 1487 kg 6:2FTSA, 965 kg PFNA, 307 kg PFUnDA, and 14 kg PFOA were discharged in the river by the two facilities in 2013. High concentrations (up to 176 ng/g dw) of odd long-chain PFASs (PFUnDA and PFTrDA) were found in sediment samples. PFASs were detected in all 15 wells, with concentrations varying based on the location of the well in the field. Additionally, the presence of previously discharged PFASs was still measurable. Significant discrepancies between PFAS concentration profiles in the wells and in the river suggest an accumulation and transformation of PFCA precursors in the aquifer. Chlorination had no removal efficiency and no unidentified PFASs were detected in the treated water with either complementary analytical method. Although the total PFAS concentrations were high in the treated water, ranging from 86 to 169 ng/L, they did not exceed the currently available guideline values.

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“…PFHpA identity was confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis along with other transformation products (see Figure SI-2 of the Supporting Information). It is worth noting that PFHpA was not detected in soil, sediment, and activated sludge dosed with 6:2 FTOH or 6:2 FTSA [F(CF 2 )CH 2 CH 2 SO 3 ], [19][20][21]24 further confirming that PFHpA did not come from 6:2 FTOH biotransformation. Even-number PFBA was not observed, and PFHxA accounted for 3.8 mol % by day 91 ( Figure 3B and Table 1), less than half of that in soil dosed with 6:2 FTOH.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Aerobic Soil Biotransformation of 6:2 Fluorotelomer Iodide

Ruan

Szostek

Folsom

et al. 2013

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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6:2 FTI [F(CF 2 ) 6 CH 2 CH 2 I] is a principal industrial raw material used to manufacture 6:2 FTOH [F(CF 2 ) 6 CH 2 CH 2 OH] and 6:2 FTOH-based products and could enter aerobic environments from possible industrial emissions where it is manufactured. This is the first study to assess 6:2 FTI aerobic soil biotransformation, quantify transformation products, and elucidate its biotransformation pathways. 6:2 FTI biotransformation led to 6:2 FTOH as a key intermediate, which was subsequently biotransformed to other significant transformation products, including PFPeA [F-(CF 2 ) 4 COOH, 20 mol % at day 91], 5:3 acid [F-(CF 2 ) 5 CH 2 CH 2 COOH, 16 mol %], PFHxA [F(CF 2 ) 5 COOH, 3.8 mol %], and 4:3 acid [F(CF 2 ) 4 CH 2 CH 2 COOH, 3.0 mol %]. 6:2 FTI biotransformation also led to a significant level of PFHpA [F(CF 2 ) 6 COOH, 16 mol % at day 91], perhaps via another putative intermediate, 6:2 FTUI [F(CF 2 ) 6 CHCHI],whose molecular identity and further biotransformation were not verified because of the lack of an authentic standard. Total recovery of the aforementioned per-and polyfluorocarboxylates accounted for 59 mol % of initially applied 6:2 FTI by day 91, in comparison to 56 mol % when soil was dosed with 6:2 FTOH, which did not lead to PFHpA. Thus, were 6:2 FTI to be released from its manufacture and undergo soil microbial biotransformation, it could form PFPeA, PFHpA, PFHxA, 5:3 acid, and 4:3 acid in the environment.

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6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonate aerobic biotransformation in activated sludge of waste water treatment plants

Cited by 253 publications

References 32 publications

Methodology for studying biotransformation of polyfluoroalkyl precursors in the environment

Methodology for studying biotransformation of polyfluoroalkyl precursors in the environment

The impact of two fluoropolymer manufacturing facilities on downstream contamination of a river and drinking water resources with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances

Aerobic Soil Biotransformation of 6:2 Fluorotelomer Iodide

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