5α-Reductase, Aromatase, and Androgen Receptor Levels in the Monkey Brain during Fetal Development*

Sholl, Samuel A.; Goy, Robert W.; Kim, Kil L.

doi:10.1210/endo-124-2-627

Cited by 46 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Nuclear concentrations of [3H]-E2 were 2.7 times higher in adults than in fetuses de spite the higher production of aromatized metabolites in the fetus: the latter finding agreed with in vitro measure ments of aromatase activity [21,22]. In the amygdala, the nuclear uptake of T and its metabolites was much higher in adults than in fetuses [12], and results in the neonate…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Developmental Changes in the Uptake of Testosterone by the Primate Brain

Bonsall

Michael²

1992

Neuroendocrinology

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During the neonatal period in male macaques, the testis produces adult-like levels of plasma testosterone (T), but the function of this in development is not understood. To investigate the interaction of T with the neonatal brain, 4 male and 5 female cynomolgus monkeys were gonadectomized 2-5 days after birth, and were injected subcutaneously 3 days later with 500 µCi [³H]-testosterone ([³H]-T). 60 min later, brains and other tissue samples were removed. Purified nuclear pellets were prepared by centrifugation through 2 M sucrose, extracted into ether and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The aromatized metabolite, [³H]-estradiol ([³H]-E2), was found only in the hypothalamus (HYP) and amygdala (AMG). In HYP, [³H]-E2 represented 55 ± 3% of the radioactivity in males and 53 ± 3% in females. In AMG, [³H]-E2 represented 40 ± 9% of the radioactivity in males and 47 ± 3% in females. Concentrations of unchanged [³H]-T were higher than those of [³H]-dihydrotestosterone ([³H]-DHT). Both androgens were present in nuclear pellets from all 8 brain regions studied, and concentrations were significantly higher in females than in males (p < 0.005). [³H]-T was also the main form of radioactivity in nuclear pellets from pituitary gland, adrenal gland, uterus and liver, but very high levels of [³H]-DHT were found in seminal vesicles, prostate and penis. Comparisons were made with previous results from orchidectomized fetuses at 122 days gestation and from fully adult male castrates, and the largest developmental changes occured in the AMG where concentrations of [³H]-E2 were 20-fold higher in adults than in fetuses, and most of this increase took place after the neonatal stage. Nuclear concentrations of [³H]-T also increased markedly during development in most brain regions except the cerebellar cortex where they declined.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Developmental Changes in the Uptake of Testosterone by the Primate Brain

Bonsall

Michael²

1992

Neuroendocrinology

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“…Detectable levels of enzymes that convert testosterone to its active metabolites are also found in these regions (62). ER-α is found in the hypothalamus and amygdala, with lower concentrations also in the cerebral cortex (63).…”

Section: Prenatal Androgens Produce Sex Differences In Brain and Behamentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in the Brain: Implications for Explaining Autism

Baron‐Cohen

Knickmeyer

Belmonte

2005

Science

951

692

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Empathizing is the capacity to predict and to respond to the behavior of agents (usually people) by inferring their mental states and responding to these with an appropriate emotion. Systemizing is the capacity to predict and to respond to the behavior of nonagentive deterministic systems by analyzing input-operation-output relations and inferring the rules that govern such systems. At a population level, females are stronger empathizers and males are stronger systemizers. The “extreme male brain” theory posits that autism represents an extreme of the male pattern (impaired empathizing and enhanced systemizing). Here we suggest that specific aspects of autistic neuroanatomy may also be extremes of typical male neuroanatomy.

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“…Specific receptors for sex steroids have been identified in several regions of the brain, through which sex hormones could effect a genomic response (Sholl et al 1989, Simerly et al 1990.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the human temporal lobe

Stoffel‐Wagner¹,

Watzka²,

Steckelbroeck³

et al. 1999

Journal of Endocrinology

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Sex steroid hormones exert important biological effects on the brain. Moreover, an extensive sex steroid metabolism occurs in the brain. In sex steroid metabolism 17 -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17 -HSDs) play essential roles in catalyzing the final steps in androgen and estrogen biosynthesis. Recently four types of human 17 -HSDs and a pseudogene of the type 1 isoform were identified. To date, 17 -HSD has not been extensively studied in the human brain. Therefore, we investigated the mRNA expression of the four isozymes of 17 -HSD as well as the pseudogene of the type 1 isoform in the human temporal lobe to determine the predominant isoforms and, moreover, to elucidate the existence of possible sex and age differences. We studied biopsy materials from the temporal lobe of 34 women, 32 men and 10 children. Quantification of different mRNAs was achieved by competitive reverse transcription-PCR. 17 -HSD 1, 17 -HSD 3 and 17 -HSD 4 were expressed in the human temporal lobe of children and adults, whereas 17 -HSD 2 and the pseudogene of 17 -HSD 1 were not expressed. In adults, 17 -HSD 3 and 17 -HSD 4 mRNA concentrations were significantly higher in the subcortical white matter (17 -HSD 3: 14 591 3457 arbitrary units (aU), mean ...; 17 -HSD 4: 1201 212 aU) than in the cortex (17 -HSD 3: 5428 1057 aU, P<0·0002; 17 -HSD 4: 675 74 aU, P<0·004). 17 -HSD 1 concentrations did not differ significantly between the white matter (3860 1628 aU) and the cortex (2525 398 aU) of adults. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the expression of 17 -HSD 1, 3 and 4 mRNAs in the human temporal lobe. Together with CYP19 AROM and 5 -reductase, known to be expressed in the human brain, the expression of 17 -HSD 1, 3 and 4 mRNAs indicates the major importance of local steroid biosynthesis in the brain.

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5α-Reductase, Aromatase, and Androgen Receptor Levels in the Monkey Brain during Fetal Development*

Cited by 46 publications

References 18 publications

Developmental Changes in the Uptake of Testosterone by the Primate Brain

Developmental Changes in the Uptake of Testosterone by the Primate Brain

Sex Differences in the Brain: Implications for Explaining Autism

Expression of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the human temporal lobe

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