5G beamforming techniques for the coverage of intended directions in modern wireless communication: in-depth review

Abstract

The growing need of the compact and portable antennas with high speed and low latency wireless communication is the present and future demand of the voice over Internet protocol, on-demand bandwidth, and multimedia applications. Fifth-generation (5G) covers certain low-frequency bands under 6 GHz spectrum, and most of the high-frequency bands under 60 GHz. 5G is the part of the millimeter wave spectrum (30–300 GHz) and is introduced to overcome the problem of spectrum shortage due to exponential enhancement of wireless applications in industry, medical, airborne, radar, satellite, and research fields. The International Telecommunication Union's objective of wireless communications promises to provide higher data rates up to 10 Gbps for 5G mobile users and connectivity to the artificial intelligence devices, along with high spectral efficiencies and enhanced coverage. The users for the 5G require around 5 and 50 Gbps of data rates for low and high mobility, respectively. Beamforming in 5G is the modern powerful technique for the coverage of the intended user/direction using the narrow beam width radiation patterns. A brief survey on 5G beamforming techniques, i.e. analog, digital, hybrid, switched, and adaptive etc. and its types, working algorithms, design of compact antennas, gain, and size/type of the substrates is carried out in this paper. The study of the hybrid coupler, branchline coupler, Wilkinson power divider, and Butler matrix in beamforming is required for 5G smart antennas. Different beam widths like ±15, ±35, ±45, and ±55° etc. are produced for the intended directions using a variety of beamforming techniques. From lower to higher frequency band beamforming applications with Roger's Duroid 4003/4350/5880, tectonic, and aluminum oxide dielectric substrates are discussed here. Various beamforming techniques with their merits, demerits, and applications are included in the paper for the knowledge extension of the beamforming antenna designers and research community.

A Study on the Relationship between Artificial Intelligence and 5G Network Construction and the Level of Economic Development of Regional Cities

“…The current state of development of smart cities in China is to promote the rapid and healthy development of artificial intelligence to point the direction; in recent years, more than 500 cities are clearly proposed building smart cities, with the emergence of government-driven and high-tech, smart cities came into being. Smart cities are an important stage in the development of modern cities, upholding the concept of intelligent, harmonious, energy-saving, and green urban development [5]. The development of smart cities has gone through three main stages, the first is the digital stage, mainly to complete the establishment of the city database, to achieve the process of urban information and digitalization; the second is the network stage, that is, based on big data technology to achieve networked management of the city; the third is the wisdom stage, that is, adhering to the "people" development concept, the use of artificial intelligence technology to create a smart ecosystem of the city and the use of artificial intelligence technology to create an urban wisdom ecosystem and build a city wisdom brain.…”

Design, developments, and applications of 5G antennas: a review

“…The World Radio-communication Conference (WRC)-15 decided to assign frequency bands for future mobile communications in the mm-wave range such as 24.25–27.5, 27.5–29.5, 37–43.5, 45.5–47, 47.2–48.2, and 66–71 GHz frequency bands. In the USA, the frequency band, n261 28 GHz (27.50–28.350 GHz), n258 24 GHz (25.25–24.45 GHz, and 27.75–25.25 GHz) were announced in 2019 [115, 116].…”

Machine Learning for Physical Layer in 5G and beyond Wireless Networks: A Survey

“…This technology deals with the concentration of wireless signals for fast and reliable communication against particular devices, rather than spreading a signal in a broadcast manner [256]. Beamforming techniques could be conventional methods: fixed (switched beamformer) and phased array (adaptive beamformer) [257]. In a phased array, there are two modes: (1) maximization mode (desired signal) and (2) minimization mode (interference signal).…”