50.4: Three‐dimensional Virtual Retinal Display System using a Deformable Membrane Mirror

McQuaide, Sarah C.; Seibel, Eric J.; Burstein, Robert; Furness, Thomas A.

doi:10.1889/1.1830190

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Non-volumetric approaches to correcting focus cues include displays that adjust the focal distance of the entire image to match the viewer's accommodation, which must be estimated by tracking gaze direction or vergence angle [Omura et al 1996], and displays that adjust focal distance on a per-pixel basis [Silverman et al 2003;McQuaide et al 2002]. A significant limitation of these approaches is that they cannot present multiple focal distances along a visual line (Section 2.4).…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A stereo display prototype with multiple focal distances

et al. 2004

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Typical stereo displays provide incorrect focus cues because the light comes from a single surface. We describe a prototype stereo display comprising two independent fixed-viewpoint volumetric displays.Like autostereoscopic volumetric displays, fixedviewpoint volumetric displays generate near-correct focus cues without tracking eye position, because light comes from sources at the correct focal distances. (In our prototype, from three image planes at different physical distances.) Unlike autostereoscopic volumetric displays, however, fixed-viewpoint volumetric displays retain the qualities of modern projective graphics: view-dependent lighting effects such as occlusion, specularity, and reflection are correctly depicted; modern graphics processor and 2-D display technology can be utilized; and realistic fields of view and depths of field can be implemented. While not a practical solution for general-purpose viewing, our prototype display is a proof of concept and a platform for ongoing vision research. The design, implementation, and verification of this stereo display are described, including a novel technique of filtering along visual lines using 1-D texture mapping.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A stereo display prototype with multiple focal distances

et al. 2004

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“…When no voltage is applied to the DMM, a collimated beam reflected from its surface remains collimated. If, however, 300 V are applied to the DMM, a collimated beam reflected from its surface is converged to a point 1 meter from the DMM--i.e., the DMM acts as 1 D (diopter = 1/focal length in meters) converging mirror (McQuaide, et al, 2002).…”

Section: Deformable Membrane Mirror (Dmm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For comparison, the average accommodation of ten subjects viewing the 3.5 mm exit pupil display (McQuaide, et al, 2002) is also plotted in the same graph. Accommodation responses to both displays were highly correlated with the objective focus of the display.…”

Section: Accommodation To An Adjustable Focus Retinal Scanning Laser mentioning

confidence: 99%

<title>Stereoscopic retinal scanning laser display with integrated focus cues for ocular accommodation</title>

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Seibel

Silverman

et al. 2004

Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems XI

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We describe a full-color stereoscopic display that varies the focus of objects at different distances in a displayed scene to match vergence and stereoscopic retinal disparity demands, better approximating natural vision. In natural vision, the oculomotor processes of accommodation (eye focus) and vergence (angle between lines of sight of two eyes) are reflexively linked such that a change in one drives a matching change in the other. Conventional stereoscopic displays require viewers to decouple these processes, and accommodate at a fixed distance while dynamically varying vergence to view objects at different stereoscopic distances. This decoupling generates eye fatigue and compromises image quality when viewing such displays. In contrast, our display overcomes this cue conflict by using a deformable membrane mirror to dynamically vary the focus of luminance-modulated RGB laser beams before they are rasterscanned and projected directly onto the retina. The display has a large focal range (closer than the viewer's near point to infinity) and presents high-resolution (1280x480) full-color images at 60 Hz. A viewer of our display can shift accommodation naturally from foreground to background of a stereo image, thereby bringing objects at different distances into and out of focus. Design considerations and human factors data are discussed.

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“…We have integrated a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) deformable membrane mirror (DMM) into a retinal scanning display to dynamically change the focus of the display [6,7]. The DMM used in our present system is a 10 mm single actuator mirror manufactured by Flexible Optical OKO [http://www.okotech.com/].…”

Section: The Display Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%