5. Schedule-induced polydipsia: an analysis of water and alcohol ingestion

Hawkins, Tim; Schrot, John; Githens, S. H.; Everett, Peter

doi:10.3138/9781487595821-007

Cited by 62 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…However, the ingestion-rate func-tions depicted in Figure 5 indicate that their conclusions suffered from overgeneralization. While both ingestion-rate functions are monotonically decreasing at interreinforcement intervals greater than 60 sec, thus replicating those provided by Hawkins et al (1972), both functions clearly turn around at interreinforcement intervals between 12 and 60 sec, a range where bar-press rates are falling monotonically for both monkeys. As shown by Jason's data, bar-press rates may turn around at intervals below 12 sec, the lowest value used by Catania and Reynolds (1968), thus limiting the generality of their findings also.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Indeed, positive contrast effects have recently been demonstrated in rats with schedule-induced drinking when a standard behavioral contrast design was used . Hawkins et al (1972) noted that polydipsic drinking, an adjunctive behavior, and operant behavior bear marked similarities when the rates of both behavior classes are related to interreinforcement interval. They further speculated that the strength of these two behavior classes are therefore determined by the same underlying reinforcement processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It would be theoretically appealing and parsimonious to state that manipulation of the parameters of the reinforcer resulted in universally commensurate changes in its reinforcing and inducing properties, and there exists some evidence that functional similarities do occur. For example, changes in deprivation (Falk, 1969) and pellet magnitude (Flory, 1971;Hawkins et al, 1972) would appear to affect the reinforcing and inducing operations of the reinforcer in basically similar ways, in that increases in both variables usually lead to increases in either behavior. Furthermore, behavioral contrast effects may be demonstrated with both reinforced and induced behaviors Jacquet, 1972).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, the relation between drinking rate and interreinforcement interval has been emphasized because of the functional similar-ity it may bear with the relationship between the rate of operant behavior and reinforcement frequency (Hawkins et al, 1972). In Figure 5, both ingestion rate and bar-pressing rate, computed by dividing session water intake (Column 5) and bar presses (Column 3) by session duration (Column 7) are plotted as a function of obtained interreinforcement interval.…”

Section: Sessionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the interreinforcement interval increased to 300 sec, total fluid consumption decreased sharply, yielding an inverse-U or bitonic drinking function over the total range. Subsequent investigators (Bond, 1973;Flory, 1971; Hawkins, Schrot, Githens, and Everett, 1972;Keehn and Colotla, 1971) using relative intake measures, such as milliliters consumed per pellet, have repeatedly confirmed the bitonic drinking function in rats, reporting peak water intakes at interreinforcement intervals between 120 and 240 sec.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

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SCHEDULE‐INDUCED DRINKING AS A FUNCTION OF INTERREINFORCEMENT INTERVAL IN THE RHESUS MONKEY¹

Allen¹,

Kenshalo²

1976

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Lever presses by two rhesus monkeys produced food pellets that were assigned by both an ascending and descending series of fixed-interval schedules whose values varied between 1 and 512 sec. The amount of schedule-induced drinking was bitonically related to interreinforcement interval, reaching a maximum at approximately 120 sec and declining at longer fixed intervals. The relation between water intake and interreinforcement interval was complexly related to two drinking measures: (1) the probability of drinking following a pellet and (2) the amount drunk per bout. Drinking rate was also bitonically related to interreinforcement interval.Key words: schedule-induced polydipsia, reinforcement frequency, rhesus monkey adjunctive behavior, fixed-interval schedule, Falk (1961) originally demonstrated that rats, when food deprived and permitted to lever press for small pellets of food delivered at spaced intervals, drink excessive amounts of water in each postpellet period. This pattern of drinking has been labelled "scheduleinduced polydipsia". One factor determining the magnitude of schedule-induced polydipsia is the length of time between pellet deliveries, the interreinforcement interval. Falk (1966) reported that as the interreinforcement interval of fixed-interval schedules increased from 2 to 180 sec, total water intake also increased. When the interreinforcement interval increased to 300 sec, total fluid consumption decreased sharply, yielding an inverse-U or bitonic drinking function over the total range. Subsequent investigators (Bond, 1973;Flory, 1971;Hawkins, Schrot, Githens, and Everett, 1972;Keehn and Colotla, 1971) Deadwyler (1965) recorded the relations between a number of drinking measures and interreinforcement interval in rats exposed to response-independent foodreinforcement schedules. They reported the following effects as the interreinforcement interval increased from 30 to 480 sec: (1) the percentage of pellets followed by drinking was bitonically related to interreinforcement interval reaching peaks at intervals between 120 and 240 sec; (2) both the postpellet drink latency and drink duration increased monotonically throughout the interreinforcement interval range; and (3) the rate of licking during a drinking bout decreased monotonically throughout the interreinforcement interval range. However, they neglected to report session water-intake values to which these behiaviors might be related. More recently, Keehn and Colotla (1971) reported water intake data that could be compared with the frequency of postpellet drinking but with no other quantitative measure. They demonstrated in rats that the amount of water ingested per pellet and the probability of drinking after a pellet were bitonically related to interreinforcement interval, and both reached peak values at an interreinforcement interval of 60 sec.The present study presents systematic data on the relation between interreinforcement 257 1976, 26,[257][258][259][260][261][262][263][264][265][266][267] NUMBER 2 (SEPTEMBER)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%