5-Na/ZnO doped mesoporous silica as reusable solid catalyst for biodiesel production via transesterification of virgin cottonseed oil

Malhotra, Rashi; Ali, Amjad

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.055

Cited by 70 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Meanwhile, Tantirungrotechai et al also used Ca-modified-materials (MCM-41) in the transesterification of palm olein, yielding 90 wt % of biodiesel in 3 h at 200 • C, 25:1 methanol/oil molar ratio and 1 wt % of the catalyst [25]. More recently, Malhotra and Ali obtained FAME yields higher than 98% in 4 h with Li-Ce and Na-ZnO doped SBA-15 at 65 • C, with methanol to oil (cottonseed) molar ratios of 40-24:1 and catalyst amount of 10-12 wt %, respectively [26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative Raw Materials to Produce Biodiesel through Alkaline Heterogeneous Catalysis

et al. 2019

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Recent research focuses on new biodiesel production and purification technologies that seek a carbon-neutral footprint, as well as cheap, renewable and abundant raw materials that do not compete with the demand for food. Then, many attractive alternatives arise due to their availability or low-cost, such as used cooking oil, Jatropha oil (non-edible) or byproducts of vegetable oil refineries. Due to their composition and the presence of moisture, these oils may need a pretreatment to reach the established conditions to be used in the biodiesel production process so that the final product complies with the international quality standards. In this work, a solid catalyst based on 10 wt % sodium oxide supported on mesoporous silica SBA-15, was employed in the transesterification of different feedstocks (commercial sunflower and soybean oil, used cooking oil, acid oil from soapstock and Jatropha hieronymi oil) with absolute methanol in the following reaction conditions—2–8 wt % catalyst, 14:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 60 °C, vigorous magnetic stirring and 5 h of reaction. In this way, first- and second-generation biodiesel was obtained through heterogeneous catalysis with methyl ester yields between 52 and 97 wt %, depending on the free fatty acid content and the moisture content of the oils.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative Raw Materials to Produce Biodiesel through Alkaline Heterogeneous Catalysis

et al. 2019

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“…This result indicated that the reaction reached equilibrium at 2 hours, which was chosen as an optimal reaction time for the next experiments. This reaction time (2 hours) to reach an equilibrium state was shorter than that achieved by the catalysts Fe 2 O 3 ‐MnO‐SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 (4 hours), 33 DCOG‐functionalized SBA‐15 (15 hours), 34 K/ZrO 2 /γ‐Fe 2 O 3 (3 hours), 35 Na/FAP (8 hours), 36 and 5‐Na/ZnO loaded SBA‐15 (4 hours), 37 indicating that the synthesized Li 4 SiO 4 catalyst efficiently catalyzed the reaction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Sol‐gel synthesized lithium orthosilicate as a reusable solid catalyst for biodiesel production

Nguyen

Pan

et al. 2020

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary Lithium orthosilicate (Li4SiO4) is a promising solid catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. However, Li4SiO4 is traditionally prepared by a solid‐state reaction, which results in the unstable activity for the reaction. In the present study, Li4SiO4 was successfully prepared using a simple sol‐gel method and employed as an efficient solid alkali catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. The molar ratio of precursors and calcination temperature were optimized for the synthesis of Li4SiO4 by using the sol‐gel method. The physical and chemical properties were determined using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, laser diffraction particle size, and thermogravimetric analysis. The as‐prepared Li4SiO4 catalyst had much smaller particle size, pore volume, and pore size, but higher surface area and basicity than Li4SiO4 catalyst prepared by the solid‐state reaction. It was then used to transesterify methanol and soybean oil into biodiesel. The effect of reaction factors (reaction time from 1 to 3 hours, catalyst concentration from 3 to 9%; molar ratio of methanol to oil from 6:1 to 18:1, and temperature from 55°C to 75°C) on the Li4SiO4‐catalyzed transesterification was systematically examined. The highest biodiesel conversion of 91% was reached under the following conditions: reaction time of 2 hours, Li4SiO4 concentration of 6%, 12:1 methanol:oil molar ratio, and temperature of 65°C. Notably, Li4SiO4 could be efficiently reused for at least 10 times without significant loss of its activity; this suggests that the sol‐gel synthesized Li4SiO4 is a potential solid alkali catalyst for biodiesel synthesis.

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“…%), methanol-to-oil molar ratio (24:1), and reaction temperature (338.15 K), the prepared catalyst yielded more than 98% FAME in 4 h of reaction. The catalyst was able to yield a conversion level as high as approximately 74% even in the fifth cycle after regeneration [77].…”

Section: Zno-based Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Biodiesel Production Using Solid Acid Catalysts Based on Metal Oxides

et al. 2020

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The development of solid acid catalysts, especially based on metal oxides and different magnetic nanoparticles, gained much awareness recently as a result of the development of different nano-based materials. Solid acid catalysts based on metal oxides are promising for the (trans)esterification reactions of different oils and waste materials for biodiesel production. This review gives a brief overview of recent developments in various solid acid catalysts based on different metal oxides, such as zirconia, zinc, titanium, iron, tungsten, and magnetic materials, where the catalysts are optimized for various reaction parameters, such as the amount of catalyst, molar ratio of oil to alcohol, reaction time, and temperature. Furthermore, yields and conversions for biodiesel production are compared. Such metal-oxide-based solid acid catalysts provide more sustainable, green, and easy-separation synthesis routes with high catalytic activity and reusability than traditionally used catalysts.

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5-Na/ZnO doped mesoporous silica as reusable solid catalyst for biodiesel production via transesterification of virgin cottonseed oil

Cited by 70 publications

References 62 publications

Alternative Raw Materials to Produce Biodiesel through Alkaline Heterogeneous Catalysis

Alternative Raw Materials to Produce Biodiesel through Alkaline Heterogeneous Catalysis

Sol‐gel synthesized lithium orthosilicate as a reusable solid catalyst for biodiesel production

Biodiesel Production Using Solid Acid Catalysts Based on Metal Oxides

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