5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: An ego-dissolving endogenous neurochemical catalyst of creativity

Germann, Christopher B.

doi:10.1101/578435

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 123 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…The possibility of self-transcendent value changes is a prominent reason why psychedelics might be useful as a pharmacological means to enhance humans' moral state (Earp et al, 2017;Earp, 2018). The proposed framework could unify and enrich many proposals in the psychedelic moral enhancement literature (Tennison, 2012;Ahlskog, 2017;Earp, 2018, 18-19;Ballesteros, 2019;Germann, 2019;Lange and Marie, 2021;Kirkham and Letheby, 2022).…”

Section: Societal Implications and Moral Neuroenhancementmentioning

confidence: 94%

Psychedelic unselfing: self-transcendence and change of values in psychedelic experiences

Kähönen

2023

Front. Psychol.

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Psychedelic experiences have been shown to both facilitate (re)connection to one’s values and change values, including enhancing aesthetic appreciation, promoting pro-environmental attitudes, and encouraging prosocial behavior. This article presents an empirically informed framework of philosophical psychology to understand how self-transcendence relates to psychedelic value changes. Most of the observed psychedelic value changes are toward the self-transcendent values of Schwartz’s value theory. As psychedelics also reliably cause various self-transcendent experiences (STEs), a parsimonious hypothesis is that STEs change values toward self-transcendent values. I argue that STEs indeed can lead to value changes, and discuss the morally relevant process of self-transcendence through Iris Murdoch’s concept of “unselfing”. I argue that overt egocentric concerns easily bias one’s valuations. Unselfing reduces egocentric attributions of salience and enhances non-egocentric attention to the world, widening one’s perspective and shifting evaluation toward self-transcendent modes. Values are inherently tied to various evaluative contexts, and unselfing can attune the individual to evaluative contexts and accompanying values beyond the self. Understood this way, psychedelics can provide temporarily enhanced access to self-transcendent values and function as sources of aspiration and value change. However, contextual factors can complicate whether STEs lead to long-term changes in values. The framework is supported by various research strands establishing empirical and conceptual connections between long-term differences in egocentricity, STEs, and self-transcendent values. Furthermore, the link between unselfing and value changes is supported by phenomenological and theoretical analysis of psychedelic experiences, as well as empirical findings on their long-term effects. This article furthers understanding of psychedelic value changes and contributes to discussions on whether value changes are justified, whether they result from cultural context, and whether psychedelics could function as tools of moral neuroenhancement.

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Section: Societal Implications and Moral Neuroenhancementmentioning

confidence: 94%

Psychedelic unselfing: self-transcendence and change of values in psychedelic experiences

Kähönen

2023

Front. Psychol.

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“…So-called “divergent thinking” ( 157 ) and cognitive persistence (the persistent exploration of combinations of associations) have been identified as key factors constituting the creative process ( 158 ), and a link between cognitive flexibility, divergent thinking, and creativity has been made before ( 159 – 163 ). There is some empirical evidence ( 91 , 164 – 166 ) and conceptual work ( 167 – 170 ) linking psychedelics with the promotion of aspects of the creative process. Nevertheless, creativity is a notoriously difficult phenomenon to satisfactorily define, and available research involving psychedelics is suggestive rather than confirmatory.…”

Section: Mental Plasticity and Psychedelicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Psychedelic Therapy Have a Transdiagnostic Action and Prophylactic Potential?

2021

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Addressing global mental health is a major 21st-century challenge. Current treatments have recognized limitations; in this context, new ones that are prophylactic and effective across diagnostic boundaries would represent a major advance. The view that there exists a core of transdiagnostic overlap between psychiatric disorders has re-emerged in recent years, and evidence that psychedelic therapy holds promise for a range of psychiatric disorders supports the position that it may be transdiagnostically effective. Here, we propose that psychedelic therapy's core, transdiagnostically relevant action lies in its ability to increase neuronal and mental plasticity, thus enhancing the potential for change, which we consider to be a key to its therapeutic benefits. Moreover, we suggest that enhanced plasticity via psychedelics, combined with a psychotherapeutic approach, can aid healthy adaptability and resilience, which are protective factors for long-term well-being. We present candidate neurological and psychological markers of this plasticity and link them with a predictive processing model of the action of psychedelics. We propose that a model of psychedelic-induced plasticity combined with an adequate therapeutic context has prophylactic and transdiagnostic potential, implying that it could have a broad, positive impact on public health.

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“…Nitekim mehaz hükmün gerekçesinde esas sermaye paylarının devredilme fırsatının bulunmasının muacceliyet için yeterli olduğu belirtilmektedir [81] . Doktrinde de ayrılma akçesi alacağının muaccel olabilmesi için, pay devrinin gerçekleşmesinin gerekli olmadığı; ortada payın satın alınması taahhüdü ya da satın alınması teklifi gibi kanıtlanabilir nitelikte ciddi bir fırsatın bulunması yeterli görülmektedir [82] . Ne var ki, payın devir fırsatının bulunması ile ayrılma akçesinin muaccel olduğu kabul edilirse, ayrılma akçesinin muacceliyet anının belirlenmesi güçlük arz edecektir.…”

Section: Bb Ayrılan Kişinin Esasunclassified

Çıkan ya da Çıkarılan Limited Ortağına Ayrılma Akçesinin Ödenmesi (TTK m. 642)

Cenkci

2019

Ankara Barosu Dergisi

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Limited ortaklıkta belli koşulların gerçekleşmesi halinde ortaklıktan çıkma ve çıkarma mümkündür. Çıkan ya da çıkarılan ortak, ayrılma akçesi isteme hakkını haizdir. Bununla birlikte, ayrılma akçesinin muaccel hale gelmesi alternatifli bazı koşulların gerçekleşmesine bağlıdır (TTK m. 642). Öngörülen muacceliyet koşulları ile ayrılma akçesinin alacaklıların menfaatlerinin korunması açısından elverişli bir kaynaktan ödenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu kaynakların hangi andan itibaren ödeme yapmaya elverişli hale geldiği belirlenmelidir. Diğer yandan, ayrılma akçesinin ödenmesi bağlamında alacaklıların haklarının korunmasına öncelik tanınması, ayrılan ortağı korumasız bırakmaktadır. Ayrılan ortağın hakları da limited ortaklığa ilişkin prensipler elverdiği ölçüde gözetilmelidir.

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5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: An ego-dissolving endogenous neurochemical catalyst of creativity

Cited by 4 publications

References 123 publications

Psychedelic unselfing: self-transcendence and change of values in psychedelic experiences

Psychedelic unselfing: self-transcendence and change of values in psychedelic experiences

Does Psychedelic Therapy Have a Transdiagnostic Action and Prophylactic Potential?

Çıkan ya da Çıkarılan Limited Ortağına Ayrılma Akçesinin Ödenmesi (TTK m. 642)

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