5 Hz of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves cognition and induces modifications in hippocampal neurogenesis in adult female Swiss Webster mice

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Reduces Depressive-like Behaviors, Modifies Dendritic Plasticity, and Generates Global Epigenetic Changes in the Frontal Cortex and Hippocampus in a Rodent Model of Chronic Stress

“…In the hippocampus, since the axons connecting to the dendrites of the granular cells of the DG come from the neurons in the entorhinal cortex [ 81 ], it can be speculated that rTMS promotes the presynaptic connectivity of the perforant pathway, which is involved in different memory types [ 82 , 83 ], and regulates the hippocampal activity. The increased connectivity of this pathway could be associated with the improvement in the cognitive abilities reported with the use of rTMS in rodents [ 84 ] and healthy humans [ 85 ], which are functions that have also been found to be altered in patients with depression [ 86 ].…”

Neuroprotective effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on Alzheimer's disease: Undetermined therapeutic protocols and mechanisms

“…Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) plays an important role in learning and memory processing, which occur in the process of human physiological and pathological aging, mainly including the proliferation, differentiation, survival, and maturation of neonatal neurons 120 . The application of different rTMS protocols could effectively promote AHN and elevate the number of mature and active neurons in various animal models 121–123 . In healthy animals, rTMS increases AHN in the dentate gyrus which contributes to cognitive improvement 121 .…”

“…[121][122][123] In healthy animals, rTMS increases AHN in the dentate gyrus which contributes to cognitive improvement. 121 Moreover, rTMS can promote the proliferation of hippocampal neural stem cells and increase the dendric complexity and activity of neonatal neurons in depression and ischemic stroke animal models. 122,123 Given the crucial role of AHN in AD pathogenesis, it is important to explore the effect of rTMS on the AHN in AD in the future.…”

Glitches in the brain: the dangerous relationship between radiotherapy and brain fog

“…In the rat vascular dementia model, anodal tDCS reduces the levels of malondialdehyd and ROS, but enhances superoxide and glutathione, thus reducing the oxidative stress ( Guo et al, 2020 ). Finally, mice exposed to a 14-days 5 Hz rTMS exhibit increased cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, in parallel with improved cognitive behavior ( Ramírez-Rodríguez et al, 2022 ). In line with this, 5 days of high-frequency (15 Hz) rTMS showed an improved emotional behavior paralleled by enhanced prefrontal cortex morphological plasticity, both in terms of dendritic spine density and dendritic complexity of layers II/III and V ( Cambiaghi et al, 2022 ).…”