4R history and recent phosphorus research

Flis, Sally

doi:10.2134/cs2018.51.0207

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The 4R nutrient stewardship guidelines are a framework that describes practices for the application of fertilizers to increase nutrient use efficiency and reduce environmental footprints (Johnston and Bruulsema, 2014;Flis, 2017Flis, , 2018. The practices focus on fertilizer application using the Right source, the Right rate, at the Right time, in the Right place.…”

Section: Potential Mitigation Measures To Reduce Emissions From Organ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Managing organic resources in agriculture: future challenges from a scientific perspective

Velthof,

Cals,

van 't Hull

et al. 2024

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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Recycling of organic resources into agriculture has the potential to greatly increase nutrient use efficiency and improve soil carbon balance, but improper management can have adverse effects on the environment. Agriculture therefore faces large challenges to increase yields while decreasing these emissions to the environment. In this paper, we review (i) the availability and composition of organic resources, (ii) their agronomic value and risk of emissions, (iii) potential measures to reduce their emissions, and (iv) future challenges to support farmers and policy makers. The total amount of organic resource applied to soil amounted on average 41 kg nitrogen per ha agricultural land, 9 kg phosphorus per ha, and 456 kg carbon per ha in EU-27 + UK in 2017. Solid pig and cattle manures and cattle slurry are the most used organic resources. The availability of new organic resources from food processing, sewage sludge, municipal bio-wastes, and upcoming manure treatment techniques as fertilizer or soil conditioner is expected to strongly increase over the coming decade. Insight is needed into the composition of organic resources, the plant-availability of nutrients, the degradability of organic matter and the presence of contaminants. Measurement techniques become available to characterize soils, manures, crops, and emissions to the environment. However, the interpretation, and integration of data, and recommendations to farmers and policymakers using large amounts of data is expected to become more and more challenging. Many measures are available to improve nutrient and carbon management and to reduce emissions, including proper application, technological measures and structural changes in agriculture. For many measures, there is a risk of trade-offs that could lead to pollution swapping at different scales. We should focus on finding synergies between measures and no-regret management choices to develop effective mitigation strategies. The main future challenge for managing organic resources in agriculture is the development of an integrated nutrient management approach, including (i) the characterization of organic resources, their agronomic value and their environmental risks, (ii) knowledge of potential synergies and trade-offs between management measures, and (iii) implementation of this knowledge into decision support tools, models and legislation to support farmers and policy makers.

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Section: Potential Mitigation Measures To Reduce Emissions From Organ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Managing organic resources in agriculture: future challenges from a scientific perspective

Velthof,

Cals,

van 't Hull

et al. 2024

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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“…The 4R approach to nutrient management has been advocated in recent years. This refers to applying the (i) right fertilizer source at the (ii) right rate at the (iii) right timing in the (iv) right placement (Bruulsema et al, 2012; Bruulsema, 2017; Flis, 2018). The 4R framework is intended to be compatible with social, economic, and environmental outcomes, with each considered in nutrient decisions.…”

Section: High‐yield Agriculturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scientifically based best management practices for financial, pest, water, soil, and nutrient management need to be viewed and studied as interacting factors rather than as stand‐alone practices. Bruulsema (2017) briefly listed management practices for many of major commodity crops, while Flis (2018) discussed those specifically related to P. Hopkins (2019) built on these in systems with high yield potential to include, although not limited to the following: Select appropriate solid and/or liquid sources with high availability of P to plants. Account for degradation rates of crop residues and animal wastes, especially in cool soils. Account for the possible value, synergy, and/or toxicity of accompanying nutrients and other chemicals in the fertilizer blend. Avoid unwanted precipitation or caking or clumping during handling. Correct and/or account for soil pH and other chemical properties of soil and their interaction with fertilizers. Use appropriate P fertilizer rates based on scientific and/or on‐farm studies (P response and/or omission plots) specific to the P source, soil, and cropping system. Use tissue analysis to evaluate fertilizer effectiveness with, if needed, rescue applications of P appropriate for the cropping system, followed by adjustments in preplant fertilization in future years. Evaluate root growth and vascular system health to determine the effectiveness of this aspect of the P supply system for the plant. …”

Section: High‐yield Agriculturementioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorus Management in High‐Yield Systems

Hopkins

Hansen

2019

J of Env Quality

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The discovery and development of phosphorus (P) and P fertilizers provide context for current management conventions. Average crop yields were stagnant before the Green Revolution but have steadily increased since. This, along with conventional P management, has resulted in widely depleting soil P levels. Improved technology and management are needed to meet the increasing P demand. Modern hybrids and cultivars have different P demand and uptake patterns that require changes in conventional P fertilizer placement and timing. Phosphorus fertilizer recommendations based on soil analysis remains valid, but evidence suggests a need for recalibrating soil test P (STP) critical levels (the STP concentration at which a response to P fertilizer would not be expected) and P fertilizer rates to accommodate high‐yield scenarios. Considering higher P fertilizer rates as a single solution poses environmental challenges, highlighting the need for improved P use efficiency (PUE). Phosphorus fertilization approaches that have the potential to improve PUE and enable high yields include crop‐specific precision placement of P, informed timing of P fertilizers, and new enhanced efficiency sources of P fertilizer. This paper examines these management approaches from historical, production, and environmental perspectives in modern cropping systems. Core Ideas History of P fertilization illuminates traditional soil P management and needed changes. Recalibration of STP and P fertilizer recommendations are needed to match increasing yield and rates of P uptake. Environmental concerns and diminishing P supply necessitate improvement in P use efficiency. Placement and timing are improved through understanding of variable rooting patterns. Enhanced efficiency P fertilizers can be effective if applied correctly.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tillage, cultivar selection, weather, pest management practices, land tenure, equipment and labor availability, and a range of other factors will influence 4R choices. Therefore, the 4R framework is adaptable and allows a producer to make nutrient management decisions based on site-specific conditions such a soil type, climate, and cropping history, as well as the local sustainability imperatives (Flis, 2018).Most soils in the northern Great Plains of North America are deficient in P for crop production (Halvorson and Black, 1985a;IPNI, 2015). In addition, the climate of the northern Great Plains is characterized by cold winters and a short growing season (Padbury et al, 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

4R Management of Phosphorus Fertilizer in the Northern Great Plains

Grant

Flaten

2019

J of Env Quality

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Phosphorus (P) fertilizer has played a vital role in increasing the productivity of crop production in the northern Great Plains for approximately 100 years. Throughout this period, agricultural production practices have changed dramatically, while our knowledge of P behavior and beneficial management practices has improved. Some of the more recent and substantial changes in farming practices on the northern Great Plains include widespread adoption of reduced tillage systems, introduction of new crops and high‐yielding cultivars, intensification and extension of crop rotations, development of new fertilizer products, increased appreciation of the role of microbial interactions in P dynamics, and growing concern for the effects of P on water quality. As cropping systems, technology, and societal demands evolve over time, nutrient management practices must also evolve to address concerns and take advantage of emerging opportunities. Classic principles and new P fertilizer technologies and management practices must be integrated into packages of 4R practices that optimize crop yield and agronomic efficiency while minimizing negative environmental impact and conserving P resources. Although a wide range of products and practices can be combined for this approach, placing ammonium phosphate fertilizer in a band, in or near the seed‐row, at the time of seeding and at a rate that matches P removal by the crop generally provides the greatest P efficiency, long‐term sustainability, and environmental protection for small grain, oilseed, and pulse crop production in the northern Great Plains. Core Ideas 4R stewardship for P fertilization is vital for sustainable crop production. The most efficient sources of P fertilizer for this region are ammonium phosphates. Long‐term sustainable crop production requires P fertilizer rates that match crop removal. Banding P fertilizer in or near the seed‐row is agronomically and environmentally beneficial.

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4R history and recent phosphorus research

Cited by 4 publications

References 5 publications

Managing organic resources in agriculture: future challenges from a scientific perspective

Managing organic resources in agriculture: future challenges from a scientific perspective

Phosphorus Management in High‐Yield Systems

4R Management of Phosphorus Fertilizer in the Northern Great Plains

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