Abstract:Abstract3D or 4D trajectories are fundamental objects within the frame of ATM and can be defined as mappings from a bounded interval to the space 3 R .However, this functional aspect is almost never used in applications. A great improvement over existing procedures for statistical analysis of trajectories can be obtained by explicitly considering trajectory data as functional data. Since raw functional data is by essence infinite dimensional, no computation can be made unless a finite representation has been f… Show more
“…30 (iii) Kinetic Models, which are the full nonlinear 6 DOF equations of motion of aircraft, as in Ref., 31 and (iv) Others Models, which include all other models that do not fall into the first three categories, e.g. energy model and holding pattern model as in Ref., 32,33 respectively. Many papers in the area of trajectory prediction model aircraft motion by using PMM.…”
This work develops a method for onboard estimation of wind field with spatial and temporal variation based on local wind vector estimation and/or measurements from multiple aircraft flying in the same airspace. Aircraft flying in the same airspace of operation are considered airborne wind sensors scattered over the airspace because of the fact that aircraft carry along with them wind information inherent in their dynamics and kinematics. The onboard wind field estimation is formulated in the framework of parameter estimation based on various wind field models, which are different function of position and time. The online wind field estimation is utilized in trajectory prediction of aircraft flying in spatially and/or temporally varying wind. Various simulation cases are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of wind field estimation and the benefit of using such information in trajectory prediction.
“…30 (iii) Kinetic Models, which are the full nonlinear 6 DOF equations of motion of aircraft, as in Ref., 31 and (iv) Others Models, which include all other models that do not fall into the first three categories, e.g. energy model and holding pattern model as in Ref., 32,33 respectively. Many papers in the area of trajectory prediction model aircraft motion by using PMM.…”
This work develops a method for onboard estimation of wind field with spatial and temporal variation based on local wind vector estimation and/or measurements from multiple aircraft flying in the same airspace. Aircraft flying in the same airspace of operation are considered airborne wind sensors scattered over the airspace because of the fact that aircraft carry along with them wind information inherent in their dynamics and kinematics. The onboard wind field estimation is formulated in the framework of parameter estimation based on various wind field models, which are different function of position and time. The online wind field estimation is utilized in trajectory prediction of aircraft flying in spatially and/or temporally varying wind. Various simulation cases are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of wind field estimation and the benefit of using such information in trajectory prediction.
“…An adapted statistical framework to study trajectories is the one of Functional Data Analysis (FDA), popularized by [4,5]. Early promotion of FDA to study aircraft trajectories was made by [6]; it has been successfully used for Functional Principal Component Analysis (FPCA) by [7] and applied to the detection of atypical energy behaviors by [8].…”
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).
“…Multiple studies have dealt with the prediction of trajectories in different phases of flight (Warren and Ebrahimi, 1998;Alligier et al, 2013;Ghasemi Hamed et al, 2013;Hrastovec and Solina, 2016). The prediction of trajectories is a fundamental tool in conflict detection and resolution (Visintini et al, 2006;Ranieri et al, 2011;Ruiz et al, 2014), traffic load forecasting and weather impact assessment (Puechmorel and Delahaye, 2007). The traditional approach to the prediction problem follows a deterministic methodology and treats the issue as a mathematical problem that describes aircraft motion.…”
Purpose
The current air traffic management (ATM) operational approach is changing; “time” is now integrated as an additional fourth dimension on trajectories. This notion will impose on aircraft the compliance of accurate arrival times over designated checkpoints (CPs), called time windows (TWs). This paper aims to clarify the basic requirements and foundations for the practical implementation of this functional framework.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper reviews the operational deployment of 4D trajectories, by defining its relationship with other concepts and systems of the future ATM and communications, navigation and surveillance (CNS) context. This allows to establish the main tools that should be considered to ease the application of the 4D-trajectories approach. This paper appraises how 4D trajectories must be managed and planned (negotiation, synchronization, modification and verification processes). Then, based on the evolution of a simulated 4D trajectory, the necessary corrective measures by evaluating the degradation tolerances and conditions are described and introduced.
Findings
The proposed TWs model can control the time tolerance within less than 100 s along the passing CPs of a generic trajectory, which is in line with the expected future ATM time-performance requirements.
Originality/value
The main contribution of this work is the provision of a holistic vision of the systems and concepts that will be necessary to implement the new 4D-trajectory concept efficiently, thus enhancing performance. It also proposes tolerance windows for trajectory degradation, to understand both when an update is necessary and what are the conditions required for pilots and air traffic controllers to provide this update.
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