Abstract:Shape-memory materials (SMMs) combined with 3D printing to develop dynamic and adaptive products which are responsive to physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These structures are categorized into 4D-printed (4DPed) products which change their shape and properties over time dimension. 4D printing, a novel, multidisciplinary, and futuristic technology is expanding its utilization in different applications including healthcare, space, textile, soft robotics, defence, sports, aerospace, and automotive sector… Show more
“…These polymers can be designed to return to their original shape after deformation, which is known as the shape memory effect. SMPs are typically composed of a thermoresponsive polymer and a crosslinking agent, which allows the polymer to retain its shape after heating and cooling (Khalid et al, 2022a;Dayyoub et al, 2022).…”
4D printing is a cutting-edge technology that allows for the creation of dynamic, self-assembling structures by utilizing cutting edge, newly introduced smart materials. It builds upon traditional 3D printing by adding the dimension of time, allowing printed objects to change shape or behavior over time. This is achieved through the use of smart materials, such as shape memory alloys or polymers, which respond to external stimuli such as heat or moisture. These materials are engineered to have specific properties that can be triggered by specific conditions such as temperature, humidity, light, or other physical forces. 4D printing enables the creation of structures that can adapt to their environment and perform specific functions, such as objects that change shape in response to temperature changes, or structures that can self-assemble in response to a specific trigger. Overall, 4D printing is an exciting and rapidly advancing technology that has the potential to revolutionize the way we design and create structures. The ability to create structures that can change shape or behavior over time opens up new possibilities for a wide range of applications. As the technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see more innovative uses of 4D printing in a wide range of scientific fields such as architecture, aerospace, and biomedical engineering demanding the creation of highly complex and dynamic structures that can adapt to changing environments.
“…These polymers can be designed to return to their original shape after deformation, which is known as the shape memory effect. SMPs are typically composed of a thermoresponsive polymer and a crosslinking agent, which allows the polymer to retain its shape after heating and cooling (Khalid et al, 2022a;Dayyoub et al, 2022).…”
4D printing is a cutting-edge technology that allows for the creation of dynamic, self-assembling structures by utilizing cutting edge, newly introduced smart materials. It builds upon traditional 3D printing by adding the dimension of time, allowing printed objects to change shape or behavior over time. This is achieved through the use of smart materials, such as shape memory alloys or polymers, which respond to external stimuli such as heat or moisture. These materials are engineered to have specific properties that can be triggered by specific conditions such as temperature, humidity, light, or other physical forces. 4D printing enables the creation of structures that can adapt to their environment and perform specific functions, such as objects that change shape in response to temperature changes, or structures that can self-assemble in response to a specific trigger. Overall, 4D printing is an exciting and rapidly advancing technology that has the potential to revolutionize the way we design and create structures. The ability to create structures that can change shape or behavior over time opens up new possibilities for a wide range of applications. As the technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see more innovative uses of 4D printing in a wide range of scientific fields such as architecture, aerospace, and biomedical engineering demanding the creation of highly complex and dynamic structures that can adapt to changing environments.
“…In the case of biomedical research, sensitiveness to specific biological molecules (e.g., the presence of glucose or enzymes) can increase in vivo feasibility [ 50 ]. Robust, efficient, and highly sensitive methods need to be developed to improve the manufacturing quality of the printing process of smart materials, together with the development of theoretical models and design methodologies [ 51 , 52 ].…”
Section: Three-dimensional and Four-dimensional Printingmentioning
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide, characterized by a high incidence and mortality rate. Despite the advances achieved in cancer management, improvements in the quality of life of breast cancer survivors are urgent. Moreover, considering the heterogeneity that characterizes tumors and patients, focusing on individuality is fundamental. In this context, 3D printing (3DP) and 4D printing (4DP) techniques allow for a patient-centered approach. At present, 3DP applications against breast cancer are focused on three main aspects: treatment, tissue regeneration, and recovery of the physical appearance. Scaffolds, drug-loaded implants, and prosthetics have been successfully manufactured; however, some challenges must be overcome to shift to clinical practice. The introduction of the fourth dimension has led to an increase in the degree of complexity and customization possibilities. However, 4DP is still in the early stages; thus, research is needed to prove its feasibility in healthcare applications. This review article provides an overview of current approaches for breast cancer management, including standard treatments and breast reconstruction strategies. The benefits and limitations of 3DP and 4DP technologies are discussed, as well as their application in the fight against breast cancer. Future perspectives and challenges are outlined to encourage and promote AM technologies in real-world practice.
“…In addition, 3D printing advances to a new level known as 4-dimensional printing (4DP) by creating "smart" materials. 4DP technology produces universal products with transformable shapes and material characteristics, recently gaining attention in the biomedical field [ 191 â 193 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Current Trend Of Polymer In Fdmed-plamentioning
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is one of the additive manufacturing (AM) techniques that have emerged as the most feasible and prevalent approach for generating functional parts due to its ability to produce neat and intricate parts. FDM mainly utilises one of the widely used polymers, polylactic acid, also known as polylactide (PLA). It is an aliphatic polyester material and biocompatible thermoplastic, with the best design prospects due to its eco-friendly properties; when PLA degrades, it breaks down into water and carbon dioxide, neither of which are hazardous to the environment. However, PLA has its limitations of poor mechanical properties. Therefore, a filler reinforcement may enhance the characteristics of PLA and produce higher-quality FDM-printed parts. The processing parameters also play a significant role in the final result of the printed parts. This review aims to study and discover the properties of PLA and the optimum processing parameters. This review covers PLA in FDM, encompassing its mechanical properties, processing parameters, characterisation, and applications. A comprehensive description of FDM processing parameters is outlined as it plays a vital role in determining the quality of a printed product. In addition, PLA polymer is highly desirable for various field industrial applications such as in a medical, automobile, and electronic, given its excellent thermoplastic and biodegradability properties.
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