4D printing of poly-Pickering high internal phase emulsions to assembly a thermo-responsive shape-memory hierarchical macroporous scaffold

Depletion Flocculation of High Internal Phase Pickering Emulsion Inks: A Colloidal Engineering Approach to Develop 3D Printed Porous Scaffolds with Tunable Bioactive Delivery

“…This is commonly measured by a change of dilatational stress (interfacial tension, γ) resulting from a slight alteration in surface area (dilatational strain). 43 Figure 3d illustrates the plots of E−π for the interfacial layer. As can be observed, with the increase of π, the E increased at any test concentration, showing the continuous adsorption of solid particles at the interface.…”

“…The greater area under the curve is a measure of a higher maximum energy dissipated during the fracturing of a material. 43 The enhanced toughness in E-CNC1/AP can be credited to its low porosity level and its specific formulation, which contributed to its improved mechanical properties. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing the emulsion-based ink flocculation and 3D-printing parameters to achieve the desired mechanical performance in fabricated objects.…”

“…It has been shown that energy dissipation in a multicomponent emulsion system is positively related to reduced droplet size and the presence of bridging flocculation between oil droplets. 43 In this instance, rapid reformation of the oil droplet network and restoration of the original architecture can be attributed to the enhanced mechanical properties and recoverability of the 3D-printed structures. This phenomenon is likely due to the reorganization of the oil droplets, which allows for the reestablishment of their original hierarchical structure and interfacial interactions, thereby restoring the material's mechanical integrity and viscoelastic properties.…”