4D printing of biomimetic anisotropic self-sensing hydrogel actuators

Li, Shengnan; Yang, Hongjuan; Chen, Guoqi; Zheng, Jingxia; Wang, Wenquan; Ren, Jiangtao; Zhu, Canjie; Yang, Yabin; Cong, Yang

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.145444

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Chemical stimuli involve responses to variations in pH [40] or exposure to specific solvents or substances [29], while biological stimuli include reactions to substances like glucose [41] or enzymes [42]. As a result, they undergo changes in properties such as swelling and porosity [43], color [38], and physical structure [44].…”

Section: Responsiveness To External Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fibrous Structures: An Overview of Their Responsiveness to External Stimuli towards Intended Application

Ferreira,

Gonçalves,

Antunes

et al. 2024

Polymers

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In recent decades, the interest in responsive fibrous structures has surged, propelling them into diverse applications: from wearable textiles that adapt to their surroundings, to filtration membranes dynamically altering selectivity, these structures showcase remarkable versatility. Various stimuli, including temperature, light, pH, electricity, and chemical compounds, can serve as triggers to unleash physical or chemical changes in response. Processing methodologies such as weaving or knitting using responsive yarns, electrospinning, as well as coating procedures, enable the integration of responsive materials into fibrous structures. They can respond to these stimuli, and comprise shape memory materials, temperature-responsive polymers, chromic materials, phase change materials, photothermal materials, among others. The resulting effects can manifest in a variety of ways, from pore adjustments and altered permeability to shape changing, color changing, and thermal regulation. This review aims to explore the realm of fibrous structures, delving into their responsiveness to external stimuli, with a focus on temperature, light, and pH.

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Section: Responsiveness To External Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most well-known and researched thermo-responsive polymers are poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) [23,44,89,90] and its derivatives [91,92]. PNIPAM exhibits reversible phase transitions with an LCST at 32 • C, approximately, close to human physiological temperature [45].…”

Section: Thermo-responsive Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibrous Structures: An Overview of Their Responsiveness to External Stimuli towards Intended Application

Ferreira,

Gonçalves,

Antunes

et al. 2024

Polymers

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show abstract

“…9,43 Furthermore, it provides better control in fabricating PNIPAM-based hydrogel 4D printed biomimetic structures combined with time-dependent programmable shape morphing to induce morphological changes and other properties with external triggers (e.g., water, pH, temperature). 44,45 However, neat PNIPAM-based hydrogels are rarely used in printing due to their poor printability and limited shape-morphing ability. As a result, printed objects often face challenges of collapsing and poor shape fidelity.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the recent past, several reports have been presented on the 3D printing of hydrogel composite inks using widely adapted techniques such as direct ink writing (DIW) or stereolithography. , In particular, the biomimetic extrusion-based printing method has gained significant interest in designing hierarchical hybrid complex functional structures similar to biological systems due to its ease of operation and ability to process a variety of ink materials. , This technique empowers predictability in defining the elastic and swelling anisotropies by local control of nanocellulose fibril orientation via shear-induced force during the printing of hydrogels. , Furthermore, it provides better control in fabricating PNIPAM-based hydrogel 4D printed biomimetic structures combined with time-dependent programmable shape morphing to induce morphological changes and other properties with external triggers (e.g., water, pH, temperature). , However, neat PNIPAM-based hydrogels are rarely used in printing due to their poor printability and limited shape-morphing ability. As a result, printed objects often face challenges of collapsing and poor shape fidelity .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocellulose-Reinforced 4D Printed Hydrogels: Thermoresponsive Shape Morphing and Drug Release

Goyal,

Sahu,

Mitra

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Four-dimensional (4D) printed polymer composite hydrogels with stimuli-responsive shape-morphing features are attractive to fabricate dynamic multifunctional structures for the upcoming next generation of biomedical applications. Poly(Nisopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is an attractive polymer choice, as it undergoes a phase transition at a temperature similar to our body, but it suffers from poor printability and low mechanical properties. In the present work, we demonstrated a thermoresponsive hydrogel printing ink, PNIPAM/Alginate (Alg) reinforced with elastic biosourced nanocellulose fibers, to enable anisotropic shape morphing at and above 36 °C. During direct ink writing, a shear-induced alignment of cellulose fibrils within the ink followed by ionic and light-driven cross-linking of the gel led to an improved shape fidelity of the bilayer printed architectures. Printed TEMPO-oxidized CNF (TCNF)-reinforced hydrogels revealed appreciable overall and higher directional mechanical properties as compared to the CNF-reinforced construct. The TCNF-based sample showed tensile strength, Young's modulus, and toughness values of 150 kPa, 6.77 MPa, and 83 kJ m −3 and 50 kPa, 7.3 MPa, and 16 kJ m −3 in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively. Furthermore, a higher value of controlled drug release from the TCNF-containing printed sample than that from the casted sample revealed promising benefits of the former for antimicrobial activity. The cross-linked temperature-dependent degree of swelling, on immersion in water, of the printed dynamic hydrogel with temperature-programmable control is showcased by the optimized ink formulation. Different mechanical and physical properties in different printing directions, due to intrinsic anisotropy and fiber direction alignment, provided a facile method for 4D printing of thermoresponsive shape-morphing functional architectures. The present strategy reveals potential for exploration of the devised sustainable ink formulation in a variety of biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and soft robotic devices.

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“…Four-dimensional printing materials developed thus far since its advent respond to a variety of external stimuli, including but not limited to temperature, light, magnetics, and more [1,2]. Applications of 4D printing have been found in areas such as soft robots and actuators [3,4], biomedical engineering [5,6], electronic * Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed. devices [7], textiles [8,9], metamaterials [10][11][12] and others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic prediction of folding angles in 4D printed shape memory polymers under varied loading conditions

Li,

Ponnappan

2024

Smart Mater. Struct.

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4D printing technology empowers 3D printed structures to change shapes upon external stimulation. However, most studies did not consider recovery under loaded conditions. This paper introduces a mechanistic prediction model for forecasting recovery angles in 4D printing utilizing Shape Memory Polymer under various loads. The model integrates Neo-Hookean model to describe the non-linear stress-strain relationship with experimentally determined force density data to characterize polymer restoration properties under various loads. Validation was demonstrated by the recovery experiment of a 3D printed PLA-TPU composite structure loaded by means of a cord and pulley mechanism. The predictive outcomes exhibited reasonable agreement with experimental results, demonstrating a trend of more accurate forecasts as the applied load increased. The model can accommodate various active materials provided that the pertaining force density data is accessible. The predictive model supports the design, optimization and material selection for 4D printed structures to meet specific performance requirements.

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4D printing of biomimetic anisotropic self-sensing hydrogel actuators

Cited by 6 publications

References 48 publications

Fibrous Structures: An Overview of Their Responsiveness to External Stimuli towards Intended Application

Fibrous Structures: An Overview of Their Responsiveness to External Stimuli towards Intended Application

Nanocellulose-Reinforced 4D Printed Hydrogels: Thermoresponsive Shape Morphing and Drug Release

Mechanistic prediction of folding angles in 4D printed shape memory polymers under varied loading conditions

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